Book of Wei · Biographies of Xun Yu, Xun You, and Jia Xu — English Translation

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Xun Yu, courtesy name Wenruo, was from Yingyin in Yingchuan. His grandfather Xun Shu, courtesy name Jihe, was Magistrate of Langling and renowned during the reigns of Emperors Shun (Liu Bao) and Huan (Liu Zhi). His eight sons were called the Eight Dragons. Xun Yu's father Xun Gun was Chancellor of Jinan, and his uncle Xun Shuang Minister of Works.

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CommentaryThe Xu Han shu says: Xun Shu had great talent. Wang Chang and Li Ying both regarded him as a teacher. As Chancellor of the marquisate of Langling he was called the Divine Lord. Zhang Fan's Han ji says: Widely learned and principled, he shared ideals with Li Gu and Li Ying, promoted Li Zhao from minor office, and befriended Huang Shudu [Huang Xian] as a boy. Recommended as Worthy, Upright, Correct, and Frank, he criticized the Liang family sharply in his examination response, was appointed Chancellor of Langling, and died in office. His eight sons were Xun Jian, Xun Gun, Xun Jing, Xun Tao, Xun Shen, Xun Shuang, Xun Su, and Xun Fu [旉, pronounced 敷]. Xun Shuang, courtesy name Ciming, loved study and mastered the Spring and Autumn Annals and Analects by twelve. Devoted to the classics, he refused summons for more than ten years. Under Dong Zhuo he was summoned again and tried to escape, but officials pressed him. Appointed Chancellor of Pingyuan, he reached Yuanling and was promoted to Minister of the Household. After three days in office he became Minister of Works: from private life to the Three Excellencies in ninety-five days. Xun Shu had lived in Xihao Ward. Magistrate Yuan Kang, recalling Gaoyang's eight talented sons, renamed it Gaoyang Ward. Xun Jing, courtesy name Shuci, also possessed great virtue and fame nearly equal to Xun Shuang's but remained a recluse throughout life. Huangfu Mi's Yishi zhuan says: Asked which was worthier, Xun Jing or Xun Shuang, Xu Zijiang [Xu Shao] replied, “Both are jade. Ciming [Xun Shuang] shines outwardly; Shuci [Xun Jing] possesses inward luster.”

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When Xun Yu was young, He Yong of Nanyang admired him: “A talent to assist a king.”

CommentaryThe Dian lüe says: Palace Attendant Tang Heng wanted to marry his daughter to Fu Gongming of Runan. When Fu Gongming refused, he offered her to Xun Yu instead. Admiring Tang Heng's power, Xun Gun arranged the marriage, and critics censured Xun Yu. I, Pei Songzhi, observe: The Han ji places Tang Heng's death in Yanxi 7 under Emperor Huan (Liu Zhi), when Xun Yu was only two. By the marriage Tang Heng had long been dead, so the claim of pursuing his power is false. Moreover, Xun Gun was one of the Eight Dragons and cannot have been an opportunist. There must have been coercion; why call it ambition? Zheng Hu was criticized for rejecting Qi's marriage, while Master Juan [Juan Buyi] was praised for refusing Huo's. The former lost support; the latter showed foresight. Neither faced immediate harm, so each could fulfill his intention. When eunuchs ruled and the realm held its breath, Zuo Guan and Tang Heng disposed of life and death by a word. Hence the proverb, “Zuo turns Heaven; Tang sits alone,” describing unrivaled power. Compliance secured one's relatives; opposition brought instant disaster. This was a time to exchange threatened ruin for survival and endure shame for preservation. Jiang Xu's marriage connection with the Wang family did not diminish his lofty integrity. How could Xun Gun's marriage arrangement harm his?

In Yonghan 1 he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and appointed Prefect of Palace Supplies. During Dong Zhuo's disorder he sought an external post and became Magistrate of Kangfu, but resigned and returned home. He told the elders, “Yingchuan is exposed on all sides. Whenever the realm changes, armies strike here first. Leave promptly and do not linger.” Most neighbors hesitated to abandon home. Governor of Ji Province Han Fu, a fellow native, sent cavalry to fetch him, but no neighbors followed; he took only his clan. Yuan Shao had already displaced Han Fu and treated him as an honored guest. His younger brother Xun Chen [as described here; the family biography below calls him an elder brother] and fellow natives Xin Ping and Guo Tu served Yuan Shao. Judging Yuan Shao unable to accomplish great affairs, Xun Yu left him in Chuping 2 for Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a temple name conferred on Cao Cao posthumously>, then General Exerting Martial Might in Dong Commandery. Delighted, Taizu (Cao Cao) said, “He is my Zifang [Zhang Liang].” He made the twenty-nine-year-old Xun Yu a major. Dong Zhuo then overawed the realm. Asked about him, Xun Yu said, “His violence is extreme. Disorder will end him; he can accomplish nothing.” Dong Zhuo sent Li Jue and others east through the passes, plundering as far as Yingchuan and Chenliu before returning. Many neighbors who stayed were killed or captured. Next year Taizu (Cao Cao) became Governor of Yan Province and later General Garrisoning the East, with Xun Yu regularly accompanying him as major. In Xingping 1, Taizu (Cao Cao) left him in charge while attacking Tao Qian. Zhang Miao and Chen Gong rebelled in Yan and secretly received Lü Bu. Once Lü Bu arrived, Zhang Miao sent Liu Yi to say, “General Lü (Lü Bu) comes to assist Governor Cao (Cao Cao) against Tao Qian. Supply him quickly.” Amid confusion, Xun Yu recognized rebellion, armed the troops, and urgently summoned Administrator of Dong Commandery Xiahou Dun. Yan's cities had all joined Lü Bu. Taizu (Cao Cao) had taken the main army east, leaving few guards, and many senior commanders and officials conspired with the rebels. Xiahou Dun arrived and executed several dozen conspirators that night, restoring order. Inspector of Yu Province Guo Gong came with tens of thousands. Rumored to be Lü Bu's ally, he frightened the garrison and requested to meet Xun Yu. Xiahou Dun objected: “You secure the whole province. Going is dangerous.” Xun Yu replied, “He has no longstanding bond with Zhang Miao. Coming so quickly, his plans cannot be settled. Persuade him now: even if he will not help, he can remain neutral. Suspicion will anger him into committing himself.” Seeing Xun Yu unafraid, Guo Gong judged Juancheng difficult to take and withdrew. Xun Yu also worked with Cheng Yu to secure Fan and Dong'e, preserving three cities until Taizu (Cao Cao) returned. Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Lü Bu at Puyang and drove him east. In summer of the second year, the army at Chengshi faced great famine and cannibalism.

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After Tao Qian died, Taizu (Cao Cao) wanted to take Xu Province before returning against Lü Bu. Xun Yu said, “Gaozu (Liu Bang) <High Ancestor, the founding Han emperor> held Guanzhong and Guangwu (Liu Xiu) <Martial Restorer; a posthumous imperial title> Henei, securing deep roots from which to control the realm. They could advance to victory or retreat to firm defense, completing their undertakings despite setbacks. You began in Yan and pacified the east's troubles, winning the people's hearts. The lands of the Yellow and Ji rivers are strategically central. Though damaged, they remain defensible: your Guanzhong and Henei, to be settled first. You have defeated Li Feng and Xue Lan. Send troops east against Chen Gong so he cannot look west; meanwhile gather ripe wheat and conserve grain. Then Lü Bu can be broken at one stroke. Afterward ally with Yang Province against Yuan Shu and command the Huai-Si region. If you abandon Lü Bu for the east, a large home garrison leaves too few men for the campaign; a small one forces everyone inside cities, unable even to gather fuel. Lü Bu will plunder the vacuum and deepen fear. Only Juancheng, Fan, and Wei [衞, the place-name written here] may remain yours: that is to lose Yan Province. If Xu does not fall, where can you return? Tao Qian's death does not make Xu easy to destroy. Chastened by defeat, its people will unite and support one another. The east has harvested its wheat and will fortify cities and clear the countryside. You will neither capture walls nor gain booty. Within ten days a hundred thousand men will exhaust themselves without battle.

“Your earlier campaign in Xu inflicted actual terror and punishment—

“—and their sons and younger brothers remember their families' humiliation. Everyone will defend himself without thought of surrender. Even conquered, they cannot yet be held. One may exchange one object for another if greater replaces lesser, safety replaces danger, or temporary advantage leaves the foundation secure. None of these favors the present course. Consider carefully.” Taizu (Cao Cao) stopped, gathered much wheat, fought Lü Bu again, and pacified the counties with separate forces. Lü Bu fled, and Yan Province was settled.

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In Jian'an 1, Taizu (Cao Cao) defeated the Yellow Turbans. Emperor Xian of Han (Liu Xie) returned from Hedong to Luoyang. Taizu (Cao Cao) considered receiving him at Xu. Some objected that the east remained unsettled and Han Xian and Yang Feng, who had brought him to Luoyang and allied northward with Zhang Yang, could not quickly be controlled. Xun Yu urged: “Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong'er) restored King Xiang of Zhou (Ji Zheng), and the lords followed like shadows. Gaozu (Liu Bang) mourned Emperor Yi (Xiong Xin) in white before campaigning east, winning the realm's hearts. Since the emperor's flight, you first raised a loyal army. Only disorder in the east prevented your going to the western passes, yet you sent generals through danger to communicate. Although resisting troubles outside, your heart has always been with the royal house. Now the imperial carriage returns to an overgrown eastern capital. Loyal men yearn to preserve the foundation and the people grieve for former days. Receive the sovereign to answer their hopes: supreme obedience. Uphold impartial justice to command heroes: great strategy. Support righteousness to attract talent: great virtue. Rebels cannot obstruct this. How dare Han Xian and Yang Feng harm you? Delay will encourage ambitions everywhere, beyond later remedy.” Taizu (Cao Cao) went to Luoyang and received the emperor at Xu. The emperor made him General-in-Chief and Xun Yu Han Palace Attendant and Acting Director of the Masters of Writing. Xun Yu regularly remained at the center, maintaining stability.

Although Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned outside, he consulted Xun Yu on military and state affairs.

CommentaryThe Dian lüe says: Xun Yu was imposing and handsome. The biography of Mi Heng of Pingyuan says: Mi Heng, courtesy name Zhengping, came north from Jing Province to Xu early in Jian'an. Arrogant in his talent, he judged others excessively and refused to speak to inferiors, earning hatred. Only Privy Treasurer Kong Rong esteemed him and recommended him: “Pure, upright, and brilliantly gifted, he has entered literature's inner chamber. Whatever he sees he recites; whatever he hears he remembers. His nature accords with the Way and his thought seems inspired. Compared with him, Sang Hongyang's calculation and Zhang Anshi's silent memory are unremarkable.” He was twenty-four. Newly founded Xu still had many scholars, yet he carried one calling card until its writing faded without presenting it. Asked why not follow Chen Changwen (Chen Qun) or Sima Boda (Sima Lang), he answered, “Do you want me to follow butchers and wine sellers?” Asked who was best at Xu, he said, “Among the older, Kong Wenju [Kong Rong]; among the younger, Yang Dezu [Yang Xiu].” Asked whether Lord Cao (Cao Cao), Director Xun (Xun Yu), and General Sweeping Away Bandits Zhao [probably Zhao Rong; the personal name is not given here] excelled all others, he praised Lord Cao (Cao Cao) little. Seeing Xun Yu's handsome bearing and Zhao's large belly [腹尺, the wording here], he said, “Wenruo [Xun Yu] could lend his face for funerals; Zhichang [Zhao Rong] could supervise kitchens and invite guests.” He meant Xun Yu had looks alone and Zhao ate much meat. Everyone gnashed his teeth. Knowing their displeasure, he prepared to return south. At the farewell outside the southern city, they agreed to remain seated when he arrived late. He burst into tears. Asked why, he said, “Walking among corpses and coffins, how could I not grieve?” Liu Biao received him honorably in the south. General Huang Zu camped at Xiakou; his son Huang She befriended Mi Heng and brought him there. Admiring his talent, Huang Zu had unusual visitors converse with him. Later Mi Heng grew arrogant and answered with mocking banter. Thinking himself insulted, Huang Zu angrily ordered an officer to seize him; attendants dragged him away and killed him. I, Pei Songzhi, include these accounts because the main biography does not describe Xun Yu's appearance. Pan Xu's inscription also calls him “remarkable in bearing and appearance.” Zhang Heng's Wenshi zhuan says: Kong Rong repeatedly recommended Mi Heng to Taizu (Cao Cao), but Mi Heng detested him, pleaded madness, refused to go, and criticized him often. Taizu (Cao Cao) wanted to humiliate him and appointed him a drummer. At the eighth-month audience and great feast, drummers passing their turn had to remove old clothing and put on new. Mi Heng played the Yuyang Canzhua rhythm with exceptional grace and timing, stirring all the guests. Passing without changing, he was rebuked. Before Taizu (Cao Cao), he removed each garment and stood naked, then slowly dressed in drawers and head covering and resumed drumming without shame. Taizu (Cao Cao) laughed: “I meant to shame him; he has shamed me.” The Yuyang Canzhua survives from his creation. Kong Rong sternly rebuked him and conveyed Taizu (Cao Cao)'s wish to meet. He agreed, “I will go for you.” At the tenth-month audience Kong Rong announced him, but late that day he sat outside the camp in a single cloth robe, loose headcloth, and shoes, beating the ground with a staff and repeatedly cursing Taizu (Cao Cao). Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered three fine horses and two riders: “That boy dares this! Killing him is no different from killing a sparrow or rat. But his empty fame is widespread, and people would call me intolerant. Send him to Liu Biao and see the outcome.” The riders escorted him to Nanyang. The Fuzi says: Mi Heng spoke brilliantly but argued harshly. He made great efforts to attach himself to Liu Biao, who welcomed him as an honored guest. He praised Liu Biao lavishly but judged his attendants without abandoning standards. They exploited this to slander him: “He says your benevolence exceeds the Earl of the West (Ji Chang)'s, but you lack decisiveness, which will ultimately ruin you.” This charge of deficient judgment was theirs, not Mi Heng's. Without careful inquiry, Liu Biao estranged and expelled him. Losing Liu Biao's friendship and finding no escape with Huang Zu, he died and his reputation was ruined, becoming a laughingstock: the slanderers had a plausible pretext.

Taizu (Cao Cao) asked who could advise him in Xun Yu's place. He named Xun You and Zhong Yao. Earlier he had recommended strategist Xi Zhicai; after Xi Zhicai died, he recommended Guo Jia. Taizu (Cao Cao) esteemed his discernment. All his recommendations proved capable, except Yan Xiang in Yang Province and Wei Kang in Liang, who later met defeat and death.

CommentaryThe Sanfu juelu says: Yan Xiang, courtesy name Wenze, was from Jingzhao, intelligent, widely learned, and courageous. Sent as Army-Supervising Palace Assistant to the Censor-in-Chief against Yuan Shu in Yang Province, he arrived as Yuan Shu died and became inspector. In Jian'an 5, Sun Ce's Administrator of Lujiang Li Shu killed him at thirty-eight. Fellow native Zhao Qi, fearing contemporaries would misunderstand his Sanfu juelu, kept it hidden and showed it only to Yan Xiang. Wei Kang, courtesy name Yuanjiang, was also from Jingzhao. Kong Rong wrote to his father Wei Duan: “Yuanjiang [Wei Kang] visited recently, profoundly gifted, clear, generous, and resolute, a vessel for a great age. Yesterday Zhongjiang [Wei Dan] came, virtuous, sincere, and trustworthy, a guardian of the household. Who expected two pearls from an old oyster? I treasure them greatly.” When Wei Duan was recalled as Minister Coachman, Wei Kang succeeded him as Inspector of Liang Province, an honor admired at the time. Besieged by Ma Chao, he held out long but relief failed and Ma Chao killed him. Zhongjiang was Wei Dan, mentioned in Liu Shao's biography.

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Since Taizu (Cao Cao) received the emperor, Yuan Shao had inwardly resented him. Having united the north, Yuan Shao inspired universal fear. Taizu (Cao Cao) faced Lü Bu eastward and Zhang Xiu southward and suffered defeat at Wan. Growing arrogant, Yuan Shao sent an insolent letter. Taizu (Cao Cao)'s anger altered his habitual conduct, which everyone attributed to the defeat. Zhong Yao asked Xun Yu, who said, “With his discernment, he will not dwell on past mistakes. There must be another concern.” He visited and asked, and Taizu (Cao Cao) showed him the letter: “I mean to punish unrighteousness, but lack matching strength. What can be done?”

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Xun Yu replied, “Those truly capable can grow strong from weakness; the incapable turn strong positions weak. Liu Bang's success and Xiang Yu's destruction show this. Only Yuan Shao contests the realm with you.

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“Yuan Shao is outwardly generous but inwardly jealous, employing men while doubting them. You are discerning and unconfined, assigning men according to ability. In breadth of mind you surpass him.

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“Yuan Shao is slow and indecisive, missing opportunities. You decide great affairs and adapt without limit. In strategy you surpass him.

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“He commands loosely and fails to establish law. Numerous though his soldiers are, they are difficult to employ. Your laws are clear and rewards and punishments certain. Few though your men are, all compete to give their lives. In military governance you surpass him.

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“He relies on hereditary standing and displays studied wisdom to collect reputation. Thus men of little ability who seek fame gather around him. You treat people with genuine benevolence and sincerity, seeking no empty praise. Personally cautious and frugal, you spare nothing for achievement. Loyal, upright, practical men throughout the realm wish to serve you. In virtue you surpass him.

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“With these four advantages, assisting the emperor and campaigning for righteousness, who dares resist? What can Yuan Shao's strength accomplish?” Taizu (Cao Cao) was pleased.

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Xun Yu said, “Unless Lü Bu is taken first, the north will not be easy to deal with.”

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Taizu (Cao Cao) replied, “True. I also fear Yuan Shao will disturb Guanzhong, stir up Qiang and other non-Han peoples, and draw Shu and Han into alliance southward. Then I would hold Yan and Yu against five-sixths of the realm. What should be done?” Xun Yu said, “Guanzhong has scores of commanders who cannot unite; Han Sui and Ma Chao are strongest. Seeing the east contend, each will protect himself. Reassure them with kindness and send envoys for friendship. Though such arrangements may not last indefinitely, they can keep quiet until you settle the east. Entrust western affairs to Zhong Yao, and you need not worry.”

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In the third year, after defeating Zhang Xiu and capturing Lü Bu in the east, Taizu (Cao Cao) settled Xu Province and confronted Yuan Shao. Kong Rong told Xun Yu, “Yuan Shao has broad lands and strong armies. Tian Feng and Xu You devise plans; Shen Pei and Feng Ji loyally manage affairs; Yan Liang and Wen Chou, bravest in the army, command his troops. Will he not be hard to defeat?”

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Xun Yu replied, “His army is numerous but disorderly. Tian Feng is rigid and offends his superior; Xu You is greedy and undisciplined. Shen Pei is overbearing without strategy; Feng Ji is decisive but self-willed. Left to manage the rear, they will not overlook crimes by Xu You's family; refusing indulgence will make Xu You rebel. Yan Liang and Wen Chou have only individual courage and can be taken in one battle.”

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In the fifth year Taizu (Cao Cao) fought Yuan Shao repeatedly and held Guandu under siege. With food nearly exhausted, he wrote Xun Yu about retreating to Xu to draw Yuan Shao onward. Xun Yu replied, “Food is short, but the situation is less severe than Chu and Han at Xingyang and Chenggao. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu each refused to retreat first, because the first would concede disadvantage. With one-tenth the enemy's numbers, you have held a marked-out position and blocked his throat for half a year. His intentions are exposed and strength exhausted; change must come. This is the moment for an unexpected stroke. Do not lose it.” Taizu (Cao Cao) remained, raided the separate supply camp, killed Chunyu Qiong and others, and drove Yuan Shao into flight. Shen Pei arrested Xu You's wife and children for misconduct, causing his angry defection. Yan Liang and Wen Chou died in battle; Tian Feng was executed for remonstrance. Everything matched Xun Yu's judgment.

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In the sixth year Taizu (Cao Cao) sought grain at Anmin in Dongping. Short of supplies for sustained confrontation with the north, he wanted to exploit Yuan Shao's recent defeat to attack Liu Biao. Xun Yu said, “The defeated army is divided. Complete its destruction now. If you abandon Yan and Yu for a distant expedition to the Yangtze and Han, Yuan Shao may gather remnants and strike your rear through the gap. Then your undertaking is lost.” Taizu (Cao Cao) returned to the river. Yuan Shao died of illness. As Taizu (Cao Cao) crossed against Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang, Gao Gan and Guo Yuan raided Hedong, shaking the west. Zhong Yao led Ma Teng and others to defeat them, as recorded in his biography.

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In the eighth year Taizu (Cao Cao) reviewed Xun Yu's accumulated service and recommended him as Marquis of Wansui Village.

CommentaryThe separate biography of Xun Yu records his memorial: “Foresight heads achievement and planning grounds reward. Field service does not surpass counsel at court, nor battlefield exploits service to the state. Thus the grant at Dianfu did not follow Yingqiu, and Xiao He's lands preceded those of Pingyang [Cao Can]. Plans and judgment have always been valued. Palace Attendant and Acting Director of the Masters of Writing Xun Yu has accumulated virtue without regret from youth onward. Amid disorder he cherished loyalty and good government. Since I first raised the loyal army, we have united our strength and supported royal strategy; none of his proposals has failed. His work enabled mine, dispersing clouds to reveal sun and moon. Since Your Majesty came to Xu, he has served faithfully at the center, cautious as on thin ice and applying his utmost insight to all affairs. The realm's settlement is his achievement. High rank should manifest his great merit.” Xun Yu refused on the ground that he had no battlefield service and withheld the memorial. Taizu (Cao Cao) wrote, “Since we began working together and established the court, you have assisted me, recommended men, developed policy, and planned confidentially in many ways. Achievement need not all be in battle. Do not decline.” He accepted.

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In the ninth year Taizu (Cao Cao) captured Ye and became Governor of Ji Province. Someone urged restoring the ancient nine provinces, thereby making Ji vast enough to command the realm. He intended to agree, but Xun Yu said, “Ji would acquire Hedong, Fengyi, Fufeng, Xihe, You, and Bing, dispossessing many. Your defeat of Yuan Shang and capture of Shen Pei have already frightened everyone for their territory and troops. Transferring them to Ji will alarm them further. Many urge the western generals to close the passes. Hearing this, they will expect to be dispossessed in turn. If rebellion begins, even men inclined to defend their posts will be driven into wrongdoing. Yuan Shang will gain respite, Yuan Tan turn disloyal, and Liu Biao retain the Yangtze-Han region. The realm will not be easy to settle. First finish the north, then restore the old capital and approach Jing to demand its missing tribute. Everyone will understand your purpose and feel secure. Only after general peace should ancient institutions be discussed. That serves the state's enduring interest.” Taizu (Cao Cao) shelved the nine-province proposal.

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Xun You then regularly served as chief adviser. Xun Yu's elder brother Xun Yan, Colonel Supervising the Army, held Ye and supervised northern affairs. While Taizu (Cao Cao) pursued Yuan Shang, Gao Gan secretly sent troops to seize Ye. Xun Yan detected and executed them all and became a ranked marquis.

CommentaryThe Xun shi jiazhuan says: Xun Yan, courtesy name Xiuruo, was Xun Yu's third elder brother. His fourth elder brother Xun Chen, courtesy name Youruo, appears in Yuan Shao's biography. Discussing men of Runan and Yingchuan with Kong Rong, Chen Qun said, “Xun Wenruo [Xun Yu], Gongda [Xun You], Xiuruo [Xun Yan], Youruo [Xun Chen], and Zhongyu [Xun Yue] have no equals today.” Xun Yan's son Xun Shao became Minister Coachman. His son Xun Rong, courtesy name Boya, shared fame with Wang Bi and Zhong Hui, served as Magistrate of Luoyang and military adviser to the General-in-Chief, and discussed the Changes and Laozi with them in writings transmitted afterward. Xun Chen's son Xun Hong, courtesy name Zhongmao, was the crown prince's literary clerk. In a disputed case concerning A and B, his view differed from Zhong Yao's, Wang Lang's, and Yuan Huan's. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Civil Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> wrote Zhong Yao: “Yuan Huan and Wang Lang are men of state and support one another, but Xun Hong advances a fierce, sharp army in debate, a formidable enemy to you and deep concern to your allies.” He ended as Gentleman of the Yellow Gates. His clan grandson Xun Yun [惲], courtesy name Jingwen, was a renowned Palace Attendant to the Crown Prince, worked with Jia Chong on musical pitch standards, and compiled commentaries on the Changes. Zhongyu was Xun Yue, youngest son of Magistrate of Langling Xun Jian and Xun Yu's paternal cousin. Zhang Fan's Han ji calls him clear-minded, quiet, and skilled in writing. Early in Jian'an he became Supervisor of the Imperial Library and Palace Attendant and was ordered to abridge the Han shu into thirty chapters of Han ji, using events to elucidate judgments and essential principles. It circulated widely.

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Taizu (Cao Cao) married his daughter, later Princess of Anyang (Lady Cao), to Xun Yu's eldest son Xun Yun [惲]. Xun Yu and Xun You both held honor but remained modest and frugal, distributing stipends and gifts to kin and old friends without surplus at home. In the twelfth year Xun Yu gained another thousand households, making two thousand.

CommentaryThe separate biography records another memorial: “When Yuan Shao invaded the capital region and we fought at Guandu, our troops were few and food exhausted. I proposed returning to Xu, but Xun Yu opposed me. Explaining the advantages of remaining and plans for renewed attack, he revived my resolve and changed my mistaken view, enabling us to crush rebellion and capture its army. He perceived the turning point with exceptional strategy. Afterward, again short of food, I wanted to attack Liu Biao rather than the difficult north. He again restrained me, explaining gain and loss. I turned back and destroyed the hostile clan, pacifying four provinces. Retreat from Guandu would have let Yuan Shao advance with drums beating, bringing destruction instead of victory. A later southern campaign would have abandoned Yan and Yu, risking our base for uncertain profit. His two plans turned death into life and disaster into blessing, exceeding my ability. Thus the former sovereign [the earlier precedent invoked here] valued directing the trail above capturing the quarry; the ancients valued planning in the tent above taking cities. His previous rewards do not match his towering service. Reconsider and increase his fief.” Xun Yu firmly declined. Taizu (Cao Cao) replied, “Your plans are not limited to these two. Do you wish to imitate Master Lu Zhonglian through repeated humility? Sages adapting to duty do not prize this. Jie Zhitui said, ‘Stealing another's wealth is called theft.’ Your confidential plans to secure the people and advance my cause number in the hundreds. I repay two, and you decline. Why so much modest refusal?” He wanted to recommend Xun Yu for one of the Three Excellencies, but Xun Yu repeatedly declined through Xun You, more than ten times, until he stopped.

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Before attacking Liu Biao, Taizu (Cao Cao) requested advice. Xun Yu said, “The central realm is settled and the south knows its difficulty. Appear openly at Wan and Ye, but advance swiftly by a concealed route to surprise it.” Taizu (Cao Cao) followed this plan. Liu Biao died, and his son Liu Cong surrendered the province as the army advanced directly through Wan and Ye.

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In the seventeenth year Dong Zhao and others proposed making Taizu (Cao Cao) a territorial duke with the complete Nine Bestowments for his exceptional service and secretly consulted Xun Yu. He considered that Taizu (Cao Cao) had raised a loyal army to restore the court and secure the state, sincerely upholding loyalty and restraint. A gentleman cherishes another through virtue; such advancement was improper. Taizu (Cao Cao) resented this. During the campaign against Sun Quan, he requested Xun Yu to reward the troops at Qiao, then retained him as Palace Attendant and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with credentials, participating in the chancellor's military affairs. The army reached Ruxu, while Xun Yu remained ill at Shouchun and died of anxiety, aged fifty. His posthumous title was Marquis Jing (Xun Yu) <Respectful Marquis>. Next year Taizu (Cao Cao) became Duke of Wei (Cao Cao).

CommentaryThe Wei shi chunqiu says: Taizu (Cao Cao) sent food, but Xun Yu opened an empty vessel. He drank poison and died. In Xianxi 2 he was posthumously made Grand Commandant. The separate biography says: As Director of the Masters of Writing he regularly submitted written proposals, but burned them all before death, so his remarkable confidential plans cannot be fully known. During the early campaigns, institutions were being revived. He told Taizu (Cao Cao), “Shun assigned Yu, Hou Ji, Xie, and Gao Yao to oversee achievements, conducting teaching and warfare together. Even amid early Han's wars, Gaozu (Liu Bang) recruited men able to instruct the people, and Shusun Tong practiced ritual among the troops. Shizu (Liu Xiu) <the temple name of Emperor Guangwu of Han> laid down weapons for study and rested horses to discuss the Way. A gentleman does not abandon benevolence even for a meal. Settle warfare outside and promote learning within; let weapons rest, the Way spread, troubles cease, and the six rites be practiced. This is how Ji Dan quickly pacified Zhou. Add enduring words to virtue and achievement, fulfilling Zhongni [Confucius]'s purpose in writing, manifesting institutions now and fame afterward. Waiting until war ends delays good government. Gather great talents and classical scholars to examine the Six Classics, establish commentarial texts, preserve ancient and modern learning, remove needless repetition, unify the sages' true teaching, and promote ritual and education together. Then kingly rule advances on both fronts.” Many such leisurely discussions were welcomed. His virtue was complete and his thought upright; the realm treated him as a model and outstanding men revered him. Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) <King Xuan; a posthumous royal title> said that setting aside remote books, among the hundred-odd years known through his own observation and reports, no worthy talent equaled Director Xun (Xun Yu). His recommendations included local talents Xun You, Zhong Yao, and Chen Qun; Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) from the wider realm; and Chi Lü, Hua Xin, Wang Lang, Xun Yue, Du Xi, Xin Pi, Zhao Yan, and scores who ultimately became high ministers. He judged by no single standard. Xi Zhicai and Guo Jia faced criticism for unconventional conduct; Du Ji was proud and unpolished. He recommended their strategic talents, and all won fame. Xun You later also directed Wei's Secretariat and promoted the worthy. Taizu (Cao Cao) said, “The two Directors Xun (Xun Yu and Xun You)'s judgments grow more reliable with time. I shall never forget them.” Zhong Yao said that since Master Yan (Yan Hui), only Xun Yu combined the nine virtues without repeating a fault. Asked why he compared him to Yan Hui and admitted inferiority, Zhong Yao replied, “An enlightened ruler treats ministers as teachers, then as friends. Taizu (Cao Cao), with all his intelligence, consulted Xun Yu first on great matters: the ancient teacher-friend relationship. We carried out orders, sometimes incompletely. Is the distance not great?” The Xiandi chunqiu says: After Dong Cheng's execution, Empress Fu (Fu Shou) wrote her father Fu Wan that the Minister of Works had killed Dong Cheng and the emperor intended revenge. Fu Wan showed Xun Yu, who disliked it and concealed it. Fu Wan also showed his wife's younger brother Fan Pu, who sealed it and sent it to Taizu (Cao Cao), who secretly prepared. Later Xun Yu feared exposure and sought a mission to Ye to disclose it, urging marriage between Taizu (Cao Cao)'s daughter and the emperor. Taizu (Cao Cao) replied, “There is already Empress Fu (Fu Shou). How could my daughter marry him? With modest service I have become chief minister. Must I rely on a daughter's favor?” Xun Yu said, “She has no son and is malicious. Her former letter to her father was offensive. She could be deposed for that.” “Why did you not tell me earlier?” Feigning surprise, Xun Yu said, “I did tell you.” “Could I forget such a great matter?” “Did I truly not? When you faced Yuan Shao at Guandu I feared adding anxiety at home, so said nothing.” “Why not afterward?” Unable to answer, Xun Yu merely apologized. Taizu (Cao Cao) resented him but concealed it, so the world did not know. When Dong Zhao proposed the dukedom, Xun Yu wanted to object. After rewarding the army with an imperial letter and completing the feast, he requested a private audience. Knowing the subject, Taizu (Cao Cao) dismissed him with a bow, preventing discussion. After his death, fugitives from Shouchun told Sun Quan that Taizu (Cao Cao) had ordered him to kill Empress Fu (Fu Shou); refusing, he killed himself. Sun Quan publicized this to Shu, and Liu Bei said, “Until the old traitor dies, disorder will not end.” I, Pei Songzhi, observe: This account makes Xun Yu seek a mission to expose the matter but then falsely insist he had already spoken, abandon that unsupported claim, and invoke Guandu. In moments his words collapse. Even an ordinary man would not act so; why stain a worthy philosopher? These vulgar allegations grossly slander a gentleman. Among Yuan Wei's falsehoods this is the worst.

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His son Xun Yun [惲] inherited and became General of the Household of the Tiger Guards. While Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) and Marquis of Pingyuan Cao Zhi were rival succession candidates, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) had treated Xun Yu with exceptional courtesy. After Xun Yu died, Xun Yun remained friendly with Cao Zhi and quarreled with Xiahou Shang, deeply angering Emperor Wen (Cao Pi). Xun Yun died early. His sons Xun Han and Xun Yi—

—still received favor as the emperor's nephews through his sister. Xun Yun's younger brother Xun Yu [俁, distinct from 荀彧] became Palace Assistant to the Censor-in-Chief, and the next brother Xun Shen became Attendant General of the Household to the General-in-Chief. Both were renowned and died early.

Xun Shen's younger brother Xun Yi [顗] became Minister of Works during Xianxi.

CommentaryThe Jin yangqiu says: Xun Yi [顗], courtesy name Jingqian, was admired in childhood by his sister's husband Chen Qun. Broadly learned and careful in thought, he impressed Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi), who said, “A son of Director Xun (Xun Yu)! Recently I met Yuan Kan, likewise a son of Yaoqing [Yuan Huan].” He became Cavalier Attendant Gentleman. Helping found Jin, he rose to Grand Commandant and Duke Kang of Linhuai (Xun Yi [顗]). He was praised for challenging Zhong Hui's claim that the Changes contains no interlocking trigrams. His younger brother Xun Can, courtesy name Fengqian, is described by He Shao: While his brothers discoursed on Confucian learning, Xun Can preferred the Way. Zigong had said the master's words on nature and Heaven's Way could not be heard; Xun Can therefore regarded the Six Classics as the sages' chaff. His brother Xun Yu [俁] objected: “The Changes says sages establish images to exhaust meaning and attach words to exhaust speech. Why cannot subtle words be heard and seen?” Xun Can replied, “Subtle principles cannot be represented by concrete images. Establishing images to exhaust meaning does not reach what lies beyond meaning; attaching words to exhaust speech does not express what lies beyond the attached text. Meaning outside images and words beyond the text remain latent.” Contemporary debaters could not overcome him. He also considered his father inferior to Xun You: Xun Yu maintained lofty virtue and exemplary rules, while Xun You neglected appearances and simply practiced discreet caution. His brothers angrily disagreed but could not change him. Early in Taihe he met Fu Gu in the capital. Fu Gu preferred analysis of names and principles; Xun Can favored profound speculation. Their ultimate aims agreed, but immediate discussions sometimes clashed. Pei Hui mediated until they became friends; Xiahou Xuan was close too. Xun Can told them, “Your achievements and reputation will surpass mine, but your insight falls below mine.” Fu Gu objected, “Great achievement comes from insight. How can a deficient root produce abundant branches?” Xun Can replied, “Achievement is promoted by ambition and capacity, themselves particular qualities, not solely insight. I may understand how to make you honored without necessarily matching what you do.” He considered women's intelligence unworthy of discussion and beauty their primary quality. Accordingly he married the beautiful daughter of General of Agile Cavalry Cao Hong, adorning her and their chamber magnificently and enjoying exclusive affection. After some years she died of illness. Before burial Fu Gu visited; Xun Can did not weep but was inwardly broken. Fu Gu asked, “Talent and beauty together are rare, but you chose beauty alone, which is easier to find. Why such grief?” He replied, “A beautiful woman is hard to find again. Though she could not overturn a kingdom with her looks, she was not easily encountered.” Unable to cease mourning, he died a little over a year later at twenty-nine. Selective in friendship, he associated only with outstanding contemporaries. Barely a dozen attended his funeral, all renowned men, whose weeping moved passersby.

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Xun Yun's son Xun Han inherited, became Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, and advanced to Marquis of Guangyang Township. He died at thirty and was succeeded by his son Xun Yun [頵].

CommentaryThe Xun shi jiazhuan says: Xun Yun [頵], courtesy name Wenbo, was Right Supervisor of the Feathered Forest Guard and died early. His son Xun Song, courtesy name Jingyou, is described in the Jin yangqiu as principled from youth, fond of literature, filial, kindly, and diligent at court. He became Left and Right Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with authority to establish a staff equivalent to the Three Excellencies. His son Xun Xian, courtesy name Lingze, was talented and gentle, married a princess, and held high office young. At twenty-eight he became General of the Household of the North, Inspector of Xu and Yan, and military supervisor of Xu, Yan, and Qing with credentials. After ten years he retired through illness and died at home, receiving posthumous appointment as General of Agile Cavalry. His grandson Xun Bozi is now Palace Assistant to the Censor-in-Chief.

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Xun Yi [霬] became Central Commander of the Army, died with the posthumous title Marquis Zhen (Xun Yi [霬]) <Steadfast Marquis>, and was posthumously made General of Agile Cavalry. His son Xun Kai inherited. His wife was younger sister of Sima Jingwang (Sima Shi) <King Jing; a posthumous royal title> and Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) <King Wen; a posthumous royal title>, both close to him. When the five noble ranks were established during Xianxi, Xun Yi's service to the former court brought Xun Kai a new fief as Viscount of Nandun.

CommentaryThe Xun shi jiazhuan says: Xun Kai was Palace Attendant under Emperor Wu of Jin (Sima Yan). Gan Bao's Jin ji says: The emperor sent Palace Attendants Xun Yi [顗] and He Qiao to observe the crown prince. Xun Yi reported improved virtue and understanding, while He Qiao said his qualities were unchanged. Sun Sheng instead names Xun Xu, with the same account otherwise. I, Pei Songzhi, observe: By He Qiao's appointment Xun Yi had long been dead. Xun Xu ranked just below the Three Excellencies, not alongside He Qiao, and would not be called Palace Attendant. Both books are wrong. Comparing date and office, Xun Kai fits. He rose to General-in-Chief Conquering the West. His elder brother Xun Dan was Privy Treasurer; his younger brother Xun Kui was General Protecting the Army and posthumously General-in-Chief of Chariots and Cavalry.

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Xun You, courtesy name Gongda, was Xun Yu's clan nephew. His grandfather Xun Tan was Administrator of Guangling.

Orphaned young, Xun You was thirteen when, after Xun Tan's death, former officer Zhang Quan requested to guard the tomb. Suspicious, he told his uncle Xun Qu, “His expression is unusual. Might he have a hidden crime?” Xun Qu investigated and discovered he was a fugitive murderer. This brought Xun You recognition.

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When He Jin governed, he summoned more than twenty renowned scholars, including Xun You, appointing him Gentleman of the Yellow Gates. During Dong Zhuo's disorder and the eastern rising, the capital moved to Chang'an. Xun You plotted with Consultant Zheng Tai, He Yong, Palace Attendant Chong Ji, Colonel of the Yue Cavalry Wu Qiong, and others: “Dong Zhuo is worse than Jie and Zhou, hated universally. Strong troops notwithstanding, he is one man. Kill him to satisfy the people, then hold Xiao and Hangu and uphold royal commands to order the realm. This is the enterprise of Dukes Huan of Qi (Jiang Xiaobai) and Wen of Jin (Ji Chong'er).” Almost ready, the plot was exposed. He Yong and Xun You were imprisoned; He Yong killed himself from fear and anxiety.

CommentaryZhang Fan's Han ji says: He Yong, courtesy name Boqiu, studied at Luoyang with Guo Tai and Jia Biao, who shared his ideals. Renowned at the Imperial Academy, he was closely welcomed by Grand Tutor Chen Fan, Colonel Director of Retainers Li Ying, and other leading ministers. Listed among the proscribed partisans, he changed his name and hid in Runan, befriending local heroes. He admired Taizu (Cao Cao), recognized Xun Yu, and became Yuan Shao's close friend. During the partisan persecutions he secretly entered Luoyang two or three times yearly to consult Yuan Shao and rescue distressed scholars. Yuan Shu, also chivalrous, competed with Yuan Shao for reputation and resented He Yong's failure to visit him. The Hanmo mingshi lu says: Yuan Shu publicly charged him with three offenses: “Wang Demi is a discerning elder of lofty fame, yet he neglects him: first. Xu Ziyuan [Xu You] is vicious and impure, yet he befriends him: second. Guo Tai and Jia Biao are poor, while he displays fine horses and light furs: third.” Taoqiu Hong replied, “Wang Demi is worthy but weak in practical rescue; Xu You, though impure, does not fear wetting his feet for men in danger. He Yong ranks Wang Demi first in recommending goodness and Xu You first in rescuing distress. He also personally avenged Yu Weigao, gaining righteous fame. His enemies possess vast wealth and a hundred teams of patterned horses. Making him travel with exhausted animals would open his breast to his enemies' blade.” Yuan Shu remained displeased. Later meeting Zong Cheng of Nanyang at the palace, he angrily said, “He Boqiu [He Yong] is wicked. I shall kill him.” Zong Cheng replied, “He is outstanding. Treat him well to spread a fine name throughout the realm.” Yuan Shu desisted. After the ban ended, He Yong entered the Minister of Works' office. In conferences of the three chief offices his planning surpassed the others. He became Central Supervisor of the Northern Army and Dong Zhuo's chief clerk. Later, as Secretariat Director, Xun Yu sent men for his uncle Xun Shuang's remains and had He Yong buried beside him.

Xun You spoke, ate, and drank undisturbed. Dong Zhuo's death brought his release.

He resigned and returned home, was again recruited by a high minister's office and highly ranked, and became Chancellor of Rencheng but did not go. Considering Shu and Han defensible and prosperous, he requested the administration of Shu Commandery, but blocked roads kept him in Jing Province.

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After receiving the emperor at Xu, Taizu (Cao Cao) wrote: “The realm is greatly disordered, a time for wise men to exert their minds. Have you not watched events from Shu and Han long enough?” He summoned Xun You as Administrator of Runan, then brought him in as Master of Writing. Long aware of his reputation, Taizu (Cao Cao) delighted in their conversation and told Xun Yu and Zhong Yao, “Gongda [Xun You] is extraordinary. With him to plan, why worry about the realm?” He made him military adviser. In Jian'an 3 Xun You joined the campaign against Zhang Xiu and warned, “He and Liu Biao rely on one another, but his wandering army depends on Liu Biao for food, which cannot be sustained. Give them time to divide, and they can be induced to submit. Press them and they must rescue each other.” Taizu (Cao Cao) ignored this and attacked at Rang. Under pressure Zhang Xiu indeed received Liu Biao's help, and the army fared badly. Taizu (Cao Cao) said, “Ignoring you brought this,” then used a surprise force to win a new battle.

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That year Taizu (Cao Cao) marched from Wan against Lü Bu.

At Xiapi Lü Bu withdrew behind firm defenses. Repeated fighting exhausted the attackers, and Taizu (Cao Cao) wanted to leave. Xun You and Guo Jia said, “Brave but without strategy, Lü Bu has lost three battles and his spirit is broken. The commander directs the army; his weakness destroys its resolve. Chen Gong is intelligent but slow. Attack before Lü Bu recovers and his adviser settles a plan.” Diverting the Yi and Si rivers into the city, they broke it and captured Lü Bu alive.

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Later Xun You joined the relief of Liu Yan at Baima and planned Yan Liang's death, as recorded in the Annals of Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) <Martial Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>. Taizu (Cao Cao) evacuated Baima and sent baggage west along the river. Yuan Shao crossed in pursuit and unexpectedly met him. Frightened generals urged returning to camp, but Xun You said, “This is how to capture the enemy. Why leave?” Taizu (Cao Cao) exchanged a smile with him and used the baggage as bait. The enemy rushed upon it and broke formation; infantry and cavalry routed them and killed cavalry commander Wen Chou. At Guandu, with food nearly gone, Xun You said, “Yuan Shao's convoy will arrive soon. Its general Han [𦳣; the name character varies] is spirited but underestimates enemies. Attack and defeat him.”

“Who should go?” Taizu (Cao Cao) asked. “Xu Huang.” Xu Huang and Shi Huan intercepted and burned the convoy. Xu You then defected, reporting that Chunyu Qiong and over ten thousand men awaited supplies, with arrogant commanders and idle soldiers, vulnerable to surprise. Everyone doubted except Xun You and Jia Xu, who urged attack. Taizu (Cao Cao) left Xun You and Cao Hong defending and personally destroyed the force, executing Chunyu Qiong and the others. Zhang He and Gao Lan burned their assault towers and surrendered; Yuan Shao abandoned his army. Cao Hong hesitated to accept Zhang He, but Xun You said, “His advice was rejected and he comes in anger. Why doubt him?” He was received.

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In the seventh year Xun You joined the campaign against Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at Liyang. Next year, as Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned against Liu Biao, the brothers fought for Ji Province. Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi seeking surrender and relief. Taizu (Cao Cao) consulted his officers, most of whom favored taking strong Liu Biao first. Xun You said, “While the realm contends, Liu Biao sits between the Yangtze and Han, plainly without wider ambition. The Yuans hold four provinces and one hundred thousand armored men. Yuan Shao won followers through generosity; if his sons unite to preserve their inheritance, our troubles remain. Now their feud cannot leave both intact. Once one absorbs the other, concentrated strength will be hard to deal with. Take them in disorder and the realm is settled. Do not lose this moment.” Taizu (Cao Cao) agreed, accepted a marriage alliance with Yuan Tan, returned, and defeated Yuan Shang. After Yuan Tan rebelled, Xun You joined his destruction at Nanpi. With Ji pacified, Taizu (Cao Cao) recommended him: “Since Military Adviser Xun You first assisted me, he has accompanied every campaign; victories have all depended on his planning.” He became Marquis of Lingshu Village. In the twelfth year, reviewing rewards, Taizu (Cao Cao) said, “Loyal confidential counsel and pacification within and without belong first to Wenruo [Xun Yu], then to Gongda [Xun You].” Four hundred additional households brought his total to seven hundred.

He became Central Military Adviser and, when Wei was established, Director of the Masters of Writing.

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Xun You was discreet, intelligent, and guarded. His campaign plans were made privately in the tent, unknown to contemporaries and even his children.

Taizu (Cao Cao) often said, “Gongda [Xun You] appears foolish but is wise, timid but brave, weak but strong. He neither boasts of goodness nor displays achievement. His wisdom may be matched, his apparent foolishness cannot. Even Master Yan (Yan Hui) and Ning Wuzi (Ning Yu) could not surpass him.” He told the crown prince, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi), “Xun Gongda [Xun You] is a model for men. Honor him with every courtesy.” When Xun You was ill, the heir visited and personally bowed below his bed. Such was his exceptional esteem. He was close to Zhong Yao, who said, “I consider every action repeatedly and think no improvement possible. Consulting Gongda [Xun You] always brings something beyond expectation.” Xun You devised twelve remarkable plans, known only to Zhong Yao. Zhong Yao died before completing their collection, so they never became fully known.

Xun You died en route on the campaign against Sun Quan. Taizu (Cao Cao) wept whenever he spoke of him.

CommentaryThe Wei shu says: It was Jian'an 19; Xun You was fifty-eight, six years older than Xun Yu. It records Taizu (Cao Cao)'s orders: “In over twenty years together, I found not the slightest fault in Xun Gongda [Xun You].” And: “He was truly worthy, embodying ‘gentleness, goodness, respect, frugality, and humility.’ Confucius said Yan Pingzhong [Yan Ying] maintained respect even in long friendships. Gongda [Xun You] was such a man.” The Fuzi says: Asked about recent great and worthy gentlemen, someone answered, “Director Xun (Xun Yu)'s benevolence and Military Adviser Xun (Xun You)'s wisdom qualify them. The former established virtue through benevolence and recommended talent through discernment, without flattery or corruption, his plans responding to circumstances. Meng Ke [Mencius] said a king arises every five hundred years, with extraordinary men between. Might Director Xun (Xun Yu) be one? Taizu (Cao Cao) said, ‘He never stopped promoting goodness until it advanced; Military Adviser Xun (Xun You) never stopped removing evil until it was gone.’”

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His eldest son Xun Ji resembled him but died early. His second son Xun Shi inherited but died childless, ending the line. During Huangchu his grandson Xun Biao became Marquis of Lingshu Village with three hundred households, later transferred to Qiuyang Village. During Zhengshi, Xun You received the posthumous title Marquis Jing (Xun You) <Respectful Marquis>.

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Jia Xu, courtesy name Wenhe, was from Guzang in Wuwei. Unknown in youth, he was recognized only by Yan Zhong of Hanyang, who considered him as extraordinary as Zhang Liang and Chen Ping.

CommentaryThe Jiuzhou chunqiu says: In Zhongping 1, General of Chariots and Cavalry Huangfu Song defeated the Yellow Turbans and shook the realm. Yan Zhong, recently dismissed as Magistrate of Xindu, urged him: “Time is hard to gain and easy to lose; opportunity turns without waiting. Sages follow the times and wise men seize the opening. You meet a rare moment yet fail to grasp it. How will you enjoy great fame?” Huangfu Song asked his meaning. Yan Zhong said, “Heaven has no favorites; the people support ability. Extraordinary achievement should not accept an ordinary ruler's rewards. Receiving the battle-axe in early spring, you completed victory in late winter. Your armies moved like spirits, your plans required no revision. Within months they swept like lightning, broke defenses like rotten wood, and melted enemies like snow in hot water, clearing seven provinces and destroying thirty-six myriad [360,000; the text adds 方] of the Yellow Turban forces. Some households engrave stones in gratitude; your authority shakes the court and races overseas. Heroes and people look to you. Even Tang and King Wu (Ji Fa) achieved no more. With exceptional service, how can you safely remain a mediocre ruler's subject?” Huangfu Song replied, “My heart does not forget loyalty. Why would I be unsafe?” Yan Zhong answered, “Han Xin could not abandon gratitude for a meal, rejected Kuai Tong's loyal advice and a three-way division, and regretted it only when the sword reached his throat, destroyed through women and children. Your ruler is weaker than Liu Bang or Xiang Yu; your power exceeds the Marquis of Huaiyin (Han Xin)'s. Your gestures can stir clouds and thunder. Exploit the crisis, reassure early followers with kindness and overawe later ones with arms. Muster Ji's men and seven provinces, send urgent proclamations before the army, follow the Zhang, water horses at Mengjin, and cast Heaven's net around the capital. Punish the eunuchs, relieve accumulated resentment, and rescue the people from prolonged danger. No city will hold; all will follow unbidden. Even children and women will exert themselves, much more wise and capable men carried by a swift wind. Great achievement and universal unity will follow. Then burn offerings to Heaven, announce the mandate, unite the realm, face south as ruler, transfer the throne to your house, and replace doomed Han. This is decisive opportunity! Rotten wood cannot be carved and a declining age cannot be assisted. Serving this court loyally is like rolling a ball uphill. Eunuchs crowd together in evil, the sovereign lacks freedom, and commands come from attendants. Failure to perceive and act first brings irremediable regret.” Huangfu Song refused, and Yan Zhong fled. The Yingxiong ji says: Liang Province rebels Wang Guo and others later forced Yan Zhong to lead thirty-six groups as General of Chariots and Cavalry. Distressed, he fell ill and died.

Recommended as Filial and Incorrupt, Jia Xu became a palace gentleman but resigned through illness. Returning west through Qian, he and several dozen companions were captured by rebellious Di. He said, “I am Lord Duan (Duan Jiong)'s maternal grandson. Keep me separately [別埋; the wording is uncertain], and my family will ransom me generously.” Grand Commandant Duan Jiong had long commanded the frontier and overawed the west. Invoking him frightened the Di, who swore friendship and released Jia Xu; all the others died. Jia Xu was not actually related to Duan Jiong. Such expedients characterized his conduct.

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After Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, Jia Xu went from clerk in the Grand Commandant's office to Commandant of Pingjin and Colonel Attacking the Enemy. He served in Dong Zhuo's son-in-law Niu Fu's army at Shan. After Dong Zhuo and Niu Fu died, the frightened Colonels Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji, and others wanted to disperse home secretly. Jia Xu said, “I hear Chang'an plans to kill all men of Liang Province. Abandon your troops and even a village station chief can bind you. Better march west, gathering soldiers, and attack Chang'an to avenge Lord Dong (Dong Zhuo). If successful, uphold the sovereign and campaign throughout the realm; if not, there is still time to flee.” They agreed, and Li Jue attacked, as recorded in Dong Zhuo's biography.

Later Jia Xu became Intendant of the Left Metropolitan Area. Li Jue and the others wanted to reward him with a marquisate, but he firmly refused: “This was a plan to save our lives. What achievement is there?” Appointed Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, he again said, “That office leads the officials and attracts the realm's expectations. My reputation is insufficient to command respect. Even if I were blind to the impropriety of profit and glory, what of the court?” He became Master of Writing instead, directing appointments and correcting many affairs. Li Jue and the others respected and feared him.

He resigned to mourn his mother and became Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. Li Jue and Guo Si fought in Chang'an.

Li Jue again requested his appointment as General Proclaiming Righteousness.

Jia Xu contributed substantially to reconciliation, the emperor's release, and protection of the ministers.

After the emperor departed, Jia Xu returned his seal and ribbon. General Duan Wei was then at Huayin.

A fellow native of his commandery, Jia Xu left Li Jue for Duan Wei. His reputation made Duan Wei's troops look to him. Inwardly fearing displacement, Duan Wei outwardly treated him with full courtesy, making Jia Xu still more uneasy.

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Jia Xu secretly contacted Zhang Xiu in Nanyang, who sent men to receive him. Someone asked why he left such generous treatment. He replied, “Duan Wei is suspicious and jealous of me. Courtesy cannot be trusted; in time he will plot against me. My departure will please him. Hoping for powerful outside support, he will care for my wife and children. Zhang Xiu lacks an adviser and wants me. Thus both household and person can survive.” Zhang Xiu received him with a junior's respect, and Duan Wei indeed cared for his family. Jia Xu persuaded Zhang Xiu to ally with Liu Biao.

Taizu (Cao Cao) repeatedly campaigned against Zhang Xiu, then one morning withdrew. Zhang Xiu pursued despite Jia Xu's warning and was defeated. Jia Xu then said, “Pursue again quickly and you will win.” Zhang Xiu replied, “Ignoring you caused this defeat. Why pursue now?” “Circumstances have changed. Hurry and gain advantage.” Gathering scattered men, he pursued, fought, and returned victorious. He asked, “Elite troops against a retreating army lost; defeated men against victorious troops won. Why did your opposite predictions both succeed?” Jia Xu explained, “You are skilled but no match for Lord Cao (Cao Cao). Though withdrawing, he must command the rear himself. His men are keen and their general superior, so pursuit fails. Since his attack contained no error and his strength was unspent, withdrawal must reflect trouble at home. Having defeated you, he would hurry onward with light troops. Even if brave generals guarded the rear, they would not match you. Thus even defeated men could win.” Zhang Xiu admired him. Later, during Guandu, Yuan Shao sent to recruit Zhang Xiu and ally with Jia Xu. Zhang Xiu wanted to agree, but Jia Xu publicly told the envoy, “Tell Yuan Benchu [Yuan Shao]: if he cannot tolerate his own brother, can he accommodate men of state?” Alarmed, Zhang Xiu privately asked what course remained. “Join Lord Cao (Cao Cao).” “Yuan Shao is strong, Cao Cao weak and our enemy. Why?” “Those are the very reasons. He upholds the emperor to command the realm: first. Yuan Shao's strength will make our few men unimportant; Cao Cao's weakness will make him welcome us: second. A man aspiring to great rule will abandon private grievances to display virtue: third. Do not hesitate.” Zhang Xiu submitted. Delighted, Taizu (Cao Cao) clasped Jia Xu's hand: “You have made my good faith respected throughout the realm.” He recommended Jia Xu as Commandant of the Capital and Marquis of Duting, then Governor of Ji Province. With Ji unconquered, Jia Xu remained military adviser to the Minister of Works. Besieged at Guandu with food exhausted, Taizu (Cao Cao) asked his advice. “You surpass Yuan Shao in discernment, courage, employment of men, and decision. With four advantages, delay for half a year comes only from seeking complete safety. Decide the opening and settlement can be swift.” Taizu (Cao Cao) concentrated his men, attacked the more-than-thirty-li camp, and routed Yuan Shao. The army collapsed, and the north was pacified.

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When Taizu (Cao Cao) became Governor of Ji, Jia Xu became Senior Grand Master. In Jian'an 13, after taking Jing Province, Taizu (Cao Cao) wanted to descend the Yangtze. Jia Xu warned, “You destroyed the Yuans and now hold the lands south of the Han, with far-reaching prestige and a great army. Use old Chu's wealth to support troops and reassure its people in settled livelihoods, and the east can submit without exhausting the army.” Taizu (Cao Cao) ignored him and the campaign failed.

CommentaryI, Pei Songzhi, consider the advice unsuited to the time. Han Sui and Ma Chao still threatened the west, so Emperor Wu of Wei (Cao Cao) could not sit at Ying and overawe Wu and Kuaiji. Jing was necessarily contested by Sun Quan and Liu Bei. Its people had long admired Liu Bei's heroic bearing and feared Sun Quan's strategy; Cao Cao's generals could not match them. Thus Cao Ren quickly lost Jiangling. How could reassurance succeed or submission be expected? The new conquest of the Yangtze-Han region, intimidation of Yang and Yue, Liu Biao's naval equipment, and Jing-Chu's boatmen provided an excellent opportunity for sweeping conquest. If not attack Wu then, when? Red Cliffs' defeat arose from fortune: epidemic blunted the advance, and a southern wind enabled the burning. Heaven did it; how was it human planning? The eastern advance was therefore no strategic error, and Jia Xu's plan unsuitable. Later, after Zhang Lu's defeat, Shu panicked repeatedly each day despite Liu Bei's executions. Failure to follow Liu Ye's advice lost the opportunity to sweep it up; a slight initial misjudgment brought irreparable regret. This is similar. Since everyone approves Liu Ye's plan, Jia Xu's error becomes clearer.

Later, fighting Han Sui and Ma Chao south of the Wei, Taizu (Cao Cao) received requests for territorial concessions, peace, and hostages. Jia Xu advised feigned acceptance. Asked for strategy, he said, “Divide them, that is all.” “Understood.” Taizu (Cao Cao) followed his plan, as recorded in the Annals of Emperor Wu (Cao Cao), and defeated them. The basic plan was Jia Xu's.

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Emperor Wen (Cao Pi), then General of the Household for All Purposes, and Marquis of Linzi Cao Zhi, renowned for talent, had rival supporters in the succession. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) secretly asked Jia Xu how to secure himself. He replied, “Enlarge your virtue and capacity, practice a plain scholar's duties, work diligently day and night, and do not depart from a son's obligations. That is all.” Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) followed this and disciplined himself. Taizu (Cao Cao) once dismissed attendants to question Jia Xu, who remained silent. “Why no answer?” “I was just thinking.” “Of what?” “Yuan Benchu [Yuan Shao] and Liu Jingsheng [Liu Biao], and their sons.” Taizu (Cao Cao) laughed, and the succession was settled. Conscious that he was no old associate and possessed deep strategy, Jia Xu feared suspicion. He kept his doors closed, formed no private connections, and avoided high families in his children's marriages. The realm acknowledged his wisdom.

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Upon accession Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) made Jia Xu Grand Commandant.

He advanced to Marquis of Weishou Township with three hundred additional households, eight hundred in all. Two hundred were detached to make his youngest son Jia Fang a ranked marquis. His eldest son Jia Mu became Commandant Escorting the Imperial Son-in-Law. The emperor asked, “To unite the realm by punishing disobedience, should I attack Wu or Shu first?” Jia Xu replied, “Conquest prioritizes military expedients; establishing a foundation values moral transformation. Having received abdication at the appointed time, reassure the realm through civil virtue and await change. Pacification will then be easier. Small though Wu and Shu are, they rely on mountain and water defenses. Liu Bei has heroic talent, Zhuge Liang governs well, Sun Quan understands strengths and weaknesses, and Lu Yi (Lu Xun) perceives military conditions. Holding passes and using fleets, all resist sudden conquest. Warfare should secure victory before battle, weighing enemies and generals so plans do not fail. None of our ministers matches Liu Bei or Sun Quan. Even imperial might does not ensure complete safety. Shun's dance with shield and axe won the Sanmiao's submission. Put civil virtue before arms.” Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) refused. The later Jiangling campaign killed many soldiers. Jia Xu died at seventy-seven with the posthumous title Marquis Su (Jia Xu) <Solemn Marquis>. Jia Mu inherited and governed commanderies; after his death his son Jia Mo inherited.

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The appraisal says: Xun Yu was refined, discerning, and cultivated, with the bearing of a king's adviser. Yet his perception and foresight could not fulfill his purpose.

CommentaryMany commentators criticize him for planning with Wei to overthrow Han, making the reversal of ruler and subject possible. Even his late dissent could not stop the mandate's shift; achievement violated righteousness and judgment was flawed. Chen Shou's appraisal apparently shares that view. I, Pei Songzhi, consider this misses his far-reaching purpose. How could Xun Yu not know that Emperor Wu of Wei (Cao Cao)'s ambition was not that of a loyal servant of declining Han? But royal government had weakened, disaster spread, and rival heroes harbored ambitions. Without means to end disorder and a strategy upholding rightful authority, Han and its people would swiftly perish. Whom else could he support to rescue the age? He therefore treated urgent crisis like saving head and body, moving through danger to success. The people gained a rescuing boat and the Liu house another two twelve-year cycles of rule. Was this not his original plan and the broad reach of benevolence? When hegemonic achievement grew and intent to destroy Han became manifest, he sacrificed his life for principle and made his longstanding purpose clear, preserving righteousness for his age and sincerity for posterity. His burden was heavy, his road long, his purpose and duty established. Calling it unfulfilled may be a false judgment.

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Xun You and Jia Xu scarcely devised a plan that failed, mastering both regular principle and changing expedients. Were they not near peers of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping?