VOLUME 23 · ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Book of Wei · Biographies of He Qia, Chang Lin, Yang Jun, Du Xi, Zhao Yan, and Pei Qian

By Chen Shou · With source commentary

He Qia, courtesy name Yangshi, was from Xiping in Runan. Nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and recruited by the General-in-Chief, he accepted neither. Yuan Shao, in Ji Province, sent an envoy to welcome the gentlemen of Runan. He Qia alone considered that “Ji Province's terrain is level and its people strong. It is a prize for outstanding men and a battlefield open on four sides. Benchu (Yuan Shao), drawing on his resources, may become powerful, but heroes are now rising and nothing can yet be certain. Liu Biao of Jing Province has no further distant ambitions, loves people, and delights in gentlemen. His land is difficult, and the mountain peoples and local population are weak. It is easier to find shelter there.” He therefore went south with relatives and old friends to join Liu Biao, who treated him as an honored guest. He Qia said: “I declined to join Benchu (Yuan Shao) to avoid contested ground. One must not become too closely entangled with the ruler of a darkened age. In time one approaches danger,

“and slanderous, malicious people will certainly come between us.” He consequently crossed south into Wuling.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a posthumous temple name> settled Jing Province, he recruited He Qia as a clerk in the Chancellor's office. Mao Jie and Cui Yan then managed affairs with loyalty and purity, giving priority to frugality in appointments. He Qia said: “The realm is a great trust. In office and in dealing with others, one cannot judge by a single quality [the source notes 儉, ‘frugality,’ as a variant for 檢]. Excessive simplicity and frugality may be acceptable for regulating oneself, but using that measure to judge all things may lose much. Current court opinion calls officials who wear new clothes or ride good carriages impure, while chief officials passing the camps with unadorned appearance and worn clothing are called incorrupt. This has gone so far that gentlemen deliberately dirty their clothes and hide their carriages and robes. High officials of the court sometimes carry their own jars of food into government offices. In establishing instruction and observing customs, what matters is to maintain the mean so that the practice can continue. To exalt one uniform, difficult mode of conduct as a measure for people on different paths forces effort that must end in exhaustion. The great teachings of antiquity simply sought to accommodate human feelings. Extreme, eccentric conduct always leaves room for concealed hypocrisy.”

Commentary<Sun Sheng says: When the former kings governed, they observed the people and established instruction. Though plainness and ornament changed with the times and additions and reductions varied by age, the distinctions of carriage, dress, ritual rank, and high and low status returned to one principle. Wei inherited Han's disorder, and customs were extravagant. It should indeed have reflected on ancient institutions and taught restraint and simplicity, preventing unchecked luxury while keeping frugality within ritual. In advancement one would avoid the criticism of the Mayfly poem, and in retirement escape that of the Cai Mo poem [the allusion's wording requires checking]. Then good government would flourish and songs of praise arise. Overcorrecting a crooked thing breeds clever hypocrisy; instructing inferiors through harsh restraint makes people's purposes narrow and dangerous. This is not the sage kings' way of transforming people and things, restraining evil, and preserving sincerity. He Qia's words are therefore sound.>

After the state of Wei was established, He Qia became Palace Attendant. Later someone accused Mao Jie of slandering Taizu (Cao Cao). Taizu (Cao Cao) met his close ministers in great anger. He Qia explained that Mao Jie's established conduct had a sound foundation and requested an investigation of the facts. After court, Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered: “The informant does not merely accuse Mao Jie of slandering me. He also says Mao Jie voiced resentment on Cui Yan's behalf. This injures the bond between ruler and minister and recklessly laments a dead friend's fate. It is scarcely tolerable. Xiao He and Cao Shen rose with Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) <Exalted Ancestor; an ancestral imperial designation> from humble station and established achievements. Whenever Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) was hard pressed, the two ministers remained respectful and obedient, making the minister's proper course still clearer. Thus their blessings reached later generations. Palace Attendant He (He Qia) has repeatedly requested verification. I have not agreed because I wish to compare the matter further.” He Qia replied: “If the informant's words are true, Mao Jie's offense is so grave that Heaven and Earth cannot shelter him. I dare not twist reason to defend Mao Jie and violate the great relationship. Yet Mao Jie was specially raised above the ordinary officials, made prominent in a leading post, and favored for years. Upright, loyal, and impartial, he was feared by many and should not have behaved so. Human feelings are difficult to guarantee, however. The matter should be examined and both sides tested. Your sage favor now extends the humanity of tolerating faults and cannot bear to send him for judicial inquiry, but this leaves right and wrong indistinct and allows suspicion to begin among those closest to you.” Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “I refrain from investigation to preserve both Mao Jie and the informant.” He Qia replied: “If Mao Jie truly slandered his superior, he should be publicly punished in the marketplace and court. If he did not, the informant has falsely accused a great minister and misled his ruler. I am uneasy that neither is examined.” Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Military affairs are underway. How can I investigate merely upon hearing someone's words? Hu Shegu's killing of Yang Chufu at court is a warning to rulers.”

When Taizu (Cao Cao) defeated Zhang Lu, He Qia proposed withdrawing the army and moving the people at the proper time, saving the cost of garrisons. Taizu (Cao Cao) did not accept this, but later ultimately moved the people and abandoned Hanzhong. He Qia went out as Director of Palace Gentlemen. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Civil Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> ascended the throne, He Qia became Minister of the Imperial Household and Marquis of Ancheng Village. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> succeeded, he advanced to Marquis of Xiling District, with two hundred households.

During Taihe, Regular Mounted Attendant Gaotang Long memorialized: “The seasonal winds fail to arrive, while an atmosphere of decline and abandonment prevails. Responsible officials must be neglecting their duties and disturbing Heaven's regular order.” An edict humbly accepted blame and sought differing opinions widely. He Qia considered that “the population is sparse, cultivation limited, and many consume food without producing it. The state rests on the people, and the people's lives rest on grain. To waste one agricultural season is to lose the foundation that sustains life. Thus the former kings removed needless expenditure so people could concentrate on farming. Since spring and summer, the people have been exhausted by labor service and agriculture neglected. They are clamorous with distress. The failure of seasonal winds may well arise from this. No method of averting calamity and restoring order is greater than frugality. Taizu (Cao Cao) established a great enterprise, paid for armies, and supplied military rewards. Officials and soldiers had abundant provisions, and granaries and treasuries overflowed with grain and silk because he did not embellish useless palaces and cut off frivolous expenditure. Today's essential task is to reduce burdensome service, remove superfluous undertakings, and build reserves for war. Defense on the three frontiers should rest on advance preparation. Assess the enemy's reality and appearances, support officers and nourish the troops, calculate plans for victory in the ancestral temple, clarify schemes for attack, and consult the multitude fully to find the proper mean. If plans are not settled beforehand, one lightly treats the enemy as weak and small, repeatedly raises troops, and gains nothing from doing so, this is what is called ‘delighting in arms without inspiring awe,’ against which the ancients warned.”

Transferred to Minister of Ceremonies, He Qia remained pure, poor, and frugal, eventually selling fields and his house to support himself. Hearing this, Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) gave him additional grain and silk. He died and received the posthumous title Marquis Jian. His son He Li [离, alternatively 禽 in the source] succeeded.

He Li's younger brother He You [和逌, alternatively 和適 in the source] was talented, clear-minded, open, and capable. He rose to Commandant of Justice and Master of Writing for Personnel.

Commentary<Appreciations of the Lords of Jin says: He Jiao, courtesy name Changyu, was the son of He You [逌, alternatively 適]. Known from youth and praised for dignity, he always admired his maternal uncle Xiahou Xuan's character, carefully cultivated his own standing, and rose distinct above others. From Gentleman of the Yellow Gate he became Director of the Palace Secretariat, then Master of Writing. When Crown Prince Minhuai (Sima Yu) <a posthumous designation> was first established, He Jiao became Junior Guardian, concurrently Regular Mounted Attendant. His wealth matched that of kings and dukes, yet his nature was extremely frugal and miserly. His younger full brother He Yu (和郁) had originally been unknown, and He Jiao slighted him, damaging his own standing. He died in office and was posthumously appointed Grandee of the Imperial Household. Through impartiality and firmness, He Yu later rose to Director of the Masters of Writing.>

Xu Hun, from He Qia's commandery, was the son of Xu Shao. Pure in character and discerning, he became a Master of Writing under Emperor Ming (Cao Rui).

Commentary<Xu Shao's courtesy name was Zijiang. Biographies of Former Worthies of Runan says: Xie Ziwei of Shaoling, a man of great talent and far-reaching discernment, saw Xu Shao at eighteen and sighed: “Here is a great man, rare in an age and outstanding above others.” Xu Shao first brought Fan Zizhao to notice from a headcloth seller's shop, raised Yu Yongxian from shepherd boys, summoned Li Shucai from village life, promoted Guo Ziyu from a position tending saddles and horses, supported Yang Xiaozu, and recommended He Yangshi (He Qia). These six worthy men were all admirable figures of their age. Of other men of middling standing, some were raised from obscurity and others made known in childhood. All benefited from the honor of Xu Shao's attention and praise. Those he promoted and nurtured into manifest virtue are too numerous to record. In exposing false conduct and suppressing empty reputation, even Shan Xiang of Zhou could not surpass him. Xu Shao's kinsman Xu Xu became submerged in honors and profit and rose to Minister over the Masses. The whole clan crowded to his gate and followed his lead, obtaining offices through bribes. Xu Shao alone never visited. Xu Mengyu [玉, alternatively 本 in the source] of Guangling came to govern Runan. Hearing Xu Shao's great reputation, he invited him to become merit officer. The greedy were expelled, and pure gentlemen filled the administration. Yuan Shao, of a ministerial clan and fond of reputation, had been Chief of Puyang. Leaving office to return home, he had extra carriages and mounted attendants. About to enter the commandery, he sighed: “How could I let Xu Zijiang (Xu Shao) see these carriages and robes?” He returned in a single carriage. Xu Shao was recruited as a clerk by a high minister's office, appointed Magistrate of Yanling, and summoned as Upright and Correct, but accepted none. Taking refuge from disorder south of the Yangzi, he examined each territory before settling, like a bird circling before alighting. He died in Yuzhang at forty-six. His son Xu Hun became renowned under Wei.>

Chang Lin, courtesy name Bohuai, was from Wen in Henei. At seven, a friend of his father visited and asked: “Is Boxian [the father's courtesy name] here? Why do you not bow?” Chang Lin replied: “Even if I ought to bow to a guest, when you address a father by his courtesy name before his son, what bow is there to make?” Everyone praised him.

Administrator Wang Kuang raised troops against Dong Zhuo and sent scholars to the subordinate counties secretly to discover offenses by officials and commoners. He then arrested them and demanded money and grain under interrogation as ransom for their offenses. If payment was delayed, he exterminated their clans to magnify his authority. Chang Lin's paternal uncle struck a guest and was reported by the scholars. Wang Kuang angrily arrested him. The entire clan was terrified, not knowing how much would be demanded and fearing they could not save the prisoner. Chang Lin visited Humu Biao, a native of Wang Kuang's county, and said: “Governor Wang (Wang Kuang), possessing great civil and military talent, governs our humble commandery. Mountains and rivers protect it within and without; its land is broad, its population numerous, and worthy, able men abundant, ready for selection. The sovereign is now young, and a rebel minister occupies power like a tiger. The Chinese realm trembles. This is the time for heroic talent to exert itself. If he wishes to punish the realm's rebel and support the weakened royal house, wise men will respond to his influence like an echo. Overcoming disorder depends on harmony: what campaign could then fail? But if he shows no kindness, misplaces his trust, and faces imminent overthrow, what leisure will he have to support the court and establish achievement and fame? Please keep this in mind!” He then explained his uncle's detention. Humu Biao immediately wrote to reproach Wang Kuang, who pardoned the uncle. Chang Lin then withdrew to Shangdang and cultivated a mountain slope. During drought and locusts, he alone had a good harvest. He invited all his neighbors and shared it out in sheng and dou measures. He lived within the fortified settlement of Chen Yan, former Administrator of Hejian. The Chen and Feng families were old clans distinguished by office. Zhang Yang coveted their women and wealth. Chang Lin led his clan in devising defensive plans. Besieged for more than sixty days, they ultimately preserved the stronghold.

Inspector of Bing Province Gao Gan nominated Chang Lin as Commandant of Cavalry, but he declined. Later Inspector Liang Xi recommended the province's eminent men Chang Lin, Yang Jun, Wang Ling, Wang Xiang, and Xun Wei. Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed them all county chiefs. Governing Nanhe successfully, Chang Lin was exceptionally promoted to Administrator of Boling and Inspector of You Province, achieving results everywhere. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) was General of the Household for All Purposes, Chang Lin was his merit officer. While Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned west, Tian Yin and Su Bo rebelled, stirring You and Ji Provinces. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) wished to attack personally. Chang Lin said: “Having served at Boling and in You Province, I can assess the enemy's circumstances. Northern officials and people delight in peace and hate disorder. Long accustomed to instruction, most uphold good conduct. Tian Yin and Su Bo gather like dogs and sheep, with little intelligence and great schemes. They cannot do harm. The great army is far away and a powerful enemy abroad. You, General, are the stabilizing force of the realm. To move lightly on a distant expedition would show no martial excellence even in victory.” Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) followed this, sending generals who promptly destroyed the rebels.

Chang Lin went out as Administrator of Pingyuan and Commandant of the Eastern Division of Wei Commandery, then entered service as a clerk in the Chancellor's Eastern Bureau. After the state of Wei was established, he became Master of Writing. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, he was promoted to Minister Steward and enfeoffed as Marquis of Leyang Village,

and was transferred to Minister of Agriculture. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, he advanced to Marquis of Gaoyang District and transferred to Minister of the Imperial Household and Minister of Ceremonies. King Xuan of Jin (Sima Yi) <King Xuan; a posthumous royal title>, regarding him as a venerable worthy of his home district, always bowed to him. Someone told Chang Lin: “Lord Sima (Sima Yi) is highly honored. You should stop him.” Chang Lin replied: “Lord Sima (Sima Yi) himself wishes to honor the order of age and set an example for the young. His high rank is not something I fear, and his bowing is not something I control.” The speaker withdrew in embarrassment.

Public opinion considered Chang Lin's integrity pure and lofty and wished to raise him among the highest assisting ministers, but he pleaded grave illness. He was appointed Grandee of the Imperial Household. He died at eighty-three, was posthumously appointed General of Agile Cavalry, buried with the rites of an excellency, and given the posthumous title Marquis Zhen. His son Chang Shi succeeded, became Administrator of Taishan, and was executed for an offense. Chang Shi's younger brother Chang Jing inherited the enfeoffment.

Commentary<According to the Book of Jin, when Zhuge Dan rebelled and the General-in-Chief campaigned east, Chang Shi pleaded illness and was put to death under the law by Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) <King Wen; a posthumous royal title>. The Brief History of Wei places Chang Lin, Ji Mao, Mu Bing, and Shi Miao together in its Biographies of the Pure and Principled. Ji Mao, courtesy name Shuchang, was from Chiyang in Fengyi, where his family had been prominent for generations. He loved books and felt no shame at poor clothing or food, but was ashamed not to understand even one thing. Early in Jian'an, when Guanzhong had just been pacified, he and Su Ze of Fufeng entered the southern mountains of Wugong and lived in seclusion, thinking deeply for several years. The province nominated him as Flourishing Talent, and he was appointed Magistrate of Linfen. His administration was pure and quiet, and officials and people could not bear to deceive him. He was transferred to Household Gentleman of the Marquis of Wude (Cao Rui). In the twenty-second year he was arrested because his kinsman Ji Ben and others had risen in rebellion. Earlier, esoteric learning and military books had been prohibited, but Ji Mao possessed both and concealed them instead of submitting them to the authorities. When arrested, he did not know the charge concerned Ji Ben and told his attendants: “It is because of my books.” Chancellor Zhong (Zhong Yao) certified that Ji Mao's kinship with Ji Ben lay beyond the grades requiring mourning, so he escaped implication. He was later made Administrator of Wuling but did not take office, then Chancellor of Zan. When the fief was abolished, he was appointed Consultant Gentleman. He died of illness during Jingchu. From youth to adulthood, throughout his disciplined life, he wore a fur robe in winter and coarse short clothing in summer, traveled on foot, and ate humble greens. He treated wife and children as servants, and his house was empty as a suspended stone chime. He refused every gift. Though he did not use this to exalt himself above others, he inwardly detested those who gained wealth and rank unrighteously. Earlier, when the state first instituted the nine grades, each commandery selected an Impartial Rectifier <the official grading candidates>, who ranked the achievements, virtue, talent, conduct, and suitability for office of everyone from the highest ministers down to gentlemen and clerks. Wang Yan, Colonel Who Protects the Qiang, was from Ji Mao's commandery, had repeatedly been a commandery administrator, and was not known for purity. His son Wang Jia served in several counties and was also an adaptable, well-connected man. When Wang Jia returned as Mounted Attendant Gentleman, Fengyi Commandery appointed him Impartial Rectifier. Though he placed Ji Mao in a high grade, his character report was very low, saying: “Superior in virtue, limited in ability.” Ji Mao angrily said: “How painful! Should I imitate you father and son, robbing people in official caps and headcloths?” Ji Mao's full elder brother Ji Huang had, in the twelfth year, advanced from a clerkship in a high minister's office to Magistrate of Changling. At the time chief officials were forbidden to leave office without authorization. Hearing that Minister over the Masses Zhao Wen had died, Ji Huang considered himself a former subordinate and violated the regulation to attend the mourning. Colonel Director of Retainers Zhong Yao arrested him, and he was executed. Ji Mao was then a private citizen, beginning to gain a reputation for purity in the Three Adjuncts. Believing his brother had died for pursuing righteousness, he was resentful and refused to weep. At year's end Zhong Yao nominated Ji Mao. Discussants thought he would certainly refuse, but when the nomination arrived, he accepted. Thus some contemporaries considered him afraid of Zhong Yao, while others regarded him as an outstanding gentleman. Mu Bing, courtesy name Dexin, was from Hejian. Orphaned and poor from youth, he first became a recognized official under Yuan Shao and his sons. Resolute and principled, he once visited his elder sister, who killed a chicken and cooked millet for him, but he would not stay. Impartial, decisive, and unafraid of the powerful, he was summoned by the Chancellor as a clerk for military planning. During Huangchu he became Magistrate of Chenggao. Investigating Agent Liu Zhao passed through the county and sent someone to summon its officials and demand fodder and grain. Locusts and drought then prevailed, and the government had no stores on hand. Before supplies were arranged, Liu Zhao's men entered beneath Mu Bing's chamber, shouting and abusing the officials. Angry, Mu Bing slipped into his shoes, took a sword, and came out with many officials and soldiers, intending to arrest Liu Zhao. Learning of this, Liu Zhao drove away and reported everything. An edict said: “Liu Zhao is a claw-and-tooth agent of the supervising authority. Yet Mu Bing wished to arrest and bind him, without any restraint. Does he rely on his pure reputation?” Mu Bing was arrested and nearly killed. His death sentence was reduced to shaving and beating [the source inserts 肇 before this clause, creating uncertainty over the subject]. After punishment he was restored as a clerk, remaining scattered in minor employment for more than ten years. During Zhengshi he became chief clerk in the offices of the Three Excellencies. When Wu sent Zhu Ran and Zhuge Jin to besiege Fan, it sent naval troops east of Mount Xian to cut timber. Soldiers from Zangke were preparing food. Those whose food cooked first called to those whose food cooked later: “Come eat together.” The latter answered: “No.” The former said: “Do you want to be Mu Dexin (Mu Bing)?” His name spread even to foreign regions in this way. Even in the Chinese lands, those unfamiliar with him thought he belonged to an earlier age. After eight years as chief clerk, he went out late in life as Administrator of Jiyin, was recalled, and became Consultant Gentleman. Aged over sixty and mindful of life's uncertainty, he prepared final instructions, warning his sons to bury him frugally: “I tell Yun, Yi, and the others: Ritual is the first teaching of human life and the enduring mean of a hundred generations. Those who strive to practice it become gentlemen; those who do not remain petty men. Yet only sages can follow it with unforced ease. Thus the wealthy and honored err through pride and extravagance, while the poor and lowly are criticized for obstinate narrowness. In sustaining life and burying the dead, people casually resort to what is contrary to ritual. From this perspective, Yang Hu's use of yufan jade was worse than exposed bones, and Huan Tui's stone coffin was inferior to speedy decay. Such statements express the great principle by which Confucian learning corrects disorder, returns things to the right, and beats the drum to reform customs. They are not yet a true discussion of exhausting principles, fulfilling nature, and transforming through cultivation. If one can trace beginnings and grasp endings, regard Heaven and Earth as one enclosure and all things as straw dogs, comprehend profound unity, seek the origin of form and shadow, identify the common basis of disaster and blessing, and unite the allotments of death and life, then I have aspirations toward the Way. As a thing, the Way is indistinct and elusive. Longevity is described here as 欺魄, early death as 鳧沒 [both expressions remain uncertain]. The body sinks into being and nonbeing, waning and growing with spirit, embracing the pleasures of yin and yang and sweetly dreaming in the Great Ultimate. Why make inner and outer coffins a prison, and garments a binding? A corpse fastened beneath the earth, imprisoned forever in darkness—is this not sad? Zhuang Zhou was broad-minded and free, without fixed preferences or aversions. Yang Wangsun went naked in burial, valuing the body's not being preserved for long. Yet in later ages, those attached to life and resentful of death place pearls in the mouth and scale-like jade encasements around the body, use jade beds and ivory mats, and kill people as burial sacrifices. Inside the grave they seal the body with ramie and floss, cushion it with shell material and charcoal, and keep it rigid and dry for a thousand years, likening this to immortality. Thus the great teaching declines, and people compete in lavish burial. They call Zhuangzi unrestrained and treat Wangsun's burial as abuse of a corpse. How could they remember the ancient dead wrapped in firewood or the remains of foxes and wildcats in the fields? My substance is impure, staining the clear stream. I formerly received the state's favor and was tried in county and commandery administration, accomplishing nothing wherever I served. Acting in a carpenter's place, I injured my fingers; like a wolf stumbling on dewlap and tail, I could not wipe away shame. If achievement cannot be sought, I shall follow what I love. I am now past the age of the compliant ear <sixty>, and sudden death is unpredictable. If I can meet my end, let my body follow Wangsun's example. Above, I hope thereby to redeem my outstanding offense deserving public punishment; below, to draw close to the spiritual ancestor of the Way's transformation. But you are young and unenlightened, unable to distinguish good from bad. If you follow convention and suppress my wishes, privately claiming to obey instruction, it will not necessarily be filial. You will violate the wisdom of Wei Ke, who followed his father's lucid command, and abandon your father's order. Who would pity you? If the dead have awareness, I shall watch as a corpse.” During Jiaping his illness became grave. Near the end he again ordered a pit dug beforehand. Once his breath ceased, two men were to lift the body directly into it. He forbade weeping, women accompanying the burial, guests coming to mourn or sacrifice, and offerings of prepared millet or rice. He further ordered that no one dying later be buried there, and that neither mound nor trees mark it. His wife and children followed all these instructions. Shi Miao, courtesy name Dezhou, was from Julu. Pure from youth and hating evil, he entered the Chancellor's office during Jian'an. Sent out as Magistrate of Shouchun, he issued orders that were obeyed like grass bending before wind. Yang Province's headquarters stood in his county, and Jiang Ji was then administrative aide. Newly arrived, Shi Miao visited Jiang Ji, who habitually loved wine and happened to be too drunk to receive him. Shi Miao returned angry, carved a wooden figure, labeled it ‘The Drunkard Jiang Ji,’ placed it beneath a wall, and shot at it morning and evening. Though provincial and commandery authorities knew his conduct was disrespectful, his exceptional personal conduct left them at a loss what to do. When he first took office, he rode in a carriage with a thin cover [軬 is pronounced fan, 飯], drawn by a yellow cow, carrying a cloth quilt bag. After more than a year, the cow bore a calf. On leaving, he left the calf behind and told his registrar: ‘When I arrived, I did not have this calf. It was born in Huainan and belongs here.’ The officials said: ‘Domestic animals do not recognize their fathers. It should naturally follow its mother.’ Shi Miao refused. Contemporaries all regarded this as extreme, but his name thereby became known throughout the realm. Returning as Director of the Imperial Kitchen, he concurrently served as Impartial Rectifier of his commandery, determining the nine grades. In ranking talent he could not be generous. He recorded people's shortcomings and held them against them even from the distant past. Jiang Ji, whom he resented, advanced to Grand Commandant, but did not take offense at Shi Miao's former attacks. Shi Miao likewise did not alter his views in deference to Jiang Ji's high rank. After several years as director, governing without harsh severity, he was promoted to General of the Household for Agricultural Colonies. He died of illness during Zhengshi, aged over seventy.>

Yang Jun, courtesy name Jicai, was from Huojia in Henei. He studied under Bian Rang of Chenliu, who recognized his exceptional ability. As war began, Yang Jun considered that Henei, lying at a crossroads open in four directions, must become a battlefield. He supported the old and weak in moving to the mountains between Jing and Mi; more than a hundred households traveled with him. He relieved the poor and shared resources freely. Six households of relatives and old acquaintances had been seized and enslaved, and he exhausted his wealth to redeem them all. Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) met Yang Jun at sixteen or seventeen. Yang Jun said: “This is no ordinary man.” Sima Lang also enjoyed an early reputation, while his older clansman Sima Zhi was unknown to most. Yang Jun alone said: “Though Sima Zhi's early reputation falls short of Sima Lang's, in substantial understanding he is only superior.” Yang Jun moved again to refuge in Bing Province. Wang Xiang of his native commandery, orphaned and alone from youth, was enslaved. At seventeen or eighteen, he was sent to herd sheep but secretly read books and was beaten for it. Admiring his abilities and character, Yang Jun redeemed him, brought him into his household, arranged a marriage and built him a house, and only then parted from him.

Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed Yang Jun Chief of Quliang, brought him in as a clerk in the Chancellor's office, nominated him as Flourishing Talent, appointed him Magistrate of Anling, and promoted him to Administrator of Nanyang. He spread virtuous instruction and established schools, winning praise from officials and people. Transferred to Military Adviser to the Southern Campaigning Command, he became Commandant of the Capital after the state of Wei was established. While Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned in Hanzhong, Wei Feng rebelled at Ye. Yang Jun impeached himself and went to the traveling court. Facing dismissal for the offense, he sent a farewell note to the crown prince. Displeased, the crown prince said: “Commandant Yang (Yang Jun) simply leaves! Why so lofty and distant?” A written order consequently demoted him to Administrator of Pingyuan. After Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, he again served at Nanyang. Wang Xiang, then Regular Mounted Attendant, recommended him: “I respectfully observe that Administrator of Nanyang Yang Jun possesses a flourishing nature of purity and a broad capacity for loyalty and seriousness. His humanity suffices to nurture others, his sincerity to move the multitude. He can guide the younger generation and never tires of kindly instruction. Outwardly generous and inwardly upright, humane yet decisive, he has spread beneficial influence in every post since first putting on the official cap. Twice governing Nanyang, his kindness and virtue have flowed visibly. People from different neighboring communities carry their children to join him. His territory is now peaceful, giving no scope to display his wisdom and ability. He should return to the court and exert himself at the imperial center, glorifying the emperor's work.”

From youth to adulthood, Yang Jun took the discernment of human character as his responsibility. Shen Gu of his commandery and Wei Xun of Chenliu both came from the ranks. Yang Jun supported, promoted, and encouraged them into accomplished gentlemen. Later Shen Gu successively governed commanderies, and Wei Xun became a censor and county magistrate. His clear judgment and righteous conduct were often of this kind. Earlier, the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi) had been friendly with Yang Jun. Before Taizu (Cao Cao) determined the succession, he secretly consulted the officials. Yang Jun discussed the respective strengths of Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) and the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi) without expressly committing himself, but his praise of the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi) was finer. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) always resented this. In the third year of Huangchu, the imperial carriage reached Wan. Angry that the market was not prosperous and cheerful, the emperor arrested Yang Jun. Deputy Director of the Masters of Writing Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi), Regular Attendants Wang Xiang and Xun Wei, petitioned for him, knocking their heads until blood flowed, but the emperor refused. Yang Jun said: “I know my offense.” He then killed himself. The multitude felt grief and injustice.

Commentary<Accounts of the Age says: Yang Jun had two grandsons: Yang Lan, courtesy name Gongzhi, Administrator of Ruyin; and Yang Yi, courtesy name Gongyan, Master of Writing. They were maternal uncles of the Jin Prince of Donghai (Sima Yue). Yang Lan's son Yang Shen, courtesy name Xuanhong, was Regular Mounted Attendant. The Brief History of Wei says: Wang Xiang's courtesy name was Xibo. Recognized and raised by Yang Jun, he indeed possessed talent and ambition. During Jian'an, he and his fellow native Xun Wei were treated courteously by Wei's crown prince. After Wang Can, Chen Lin, Ruan Yu, Lu Cui, and the others died, Wang Xiang was the most talented of the new generation. When Wei possessed the realm, he became Mounted Attendant Gentleman, then Regular Mounted Attendant, and was enfeoffed as a ranked marquis. Receiving an edict to compile the Imperial Survey, he was placed in charge as Supervisor of the Palace Library. He began gathering material in the first year of Yankang and completed it after several years. Preserved in the secret repositories, it comprised more than forty divisions, each with several dozen chapters, totaling over eight million characters. His disposition was harmonious and generous, his literary expression gentle and elegant. The capital therefore praised him as a master of Confucian learning. Before the imperial carriage reached Wan on a southern tour, an edict prohibited officials from interfering with commanderies and counties. When the carriage arrived, Wan's magistrate misunderstood the edict and shut the market gates. Hearing this, the emperor angrily said: “Am I a raider?” He arrested the magistrate and Administrator Yang Jun, then asked the Masters of Writing by edict: “How many two-thousand-bushel officials did Emperor Ming of Han (Liu Zhuang) kill?” Seeing the edict, Wang Xiang knew Yang Jun could not escape. Before the emperor he knocked his head until blood covered his face, begging for Yang Jun's punishment to be reduced one degree below death. The emperor did not answer and intended to leave for the inner palace. Wang Xiang pulled his robe. Looking back, the emperor said: “I know the full history between Yang Jun and you. If I listen to you now, you disregard me. Would you rather be without Yang Jun or without me?” His words were severe, and Wang Xiang withdrew his hand. The emperor entered, disposed of Yang Jun's case under the law, and only then came out. Hating himself for failing to save Yang Jun, Wang Xiang fell ill and died.>

Du Xi, courtesy name Zixu, was from Dingling in Yingchuan. His great-grandfather Du An and grandfather Du Gen had been renowned in earlier generations.

Commentary<Accounts of the Conduct of Former Worthies says: Du An was known in his home community at ten. Entering the Imperial Academy at thirteen, he was called a prodigy. Known for discerning men, he remained pure and aloof from convention. Magistrate of Luoyang Zhou Yu repeatedly visited, but Du An always avoided meeting him. Noble relatives admired his lofty conduct and frequently sent letters. He never opened them, fearing later trouble, and regularly hollowed a wall to store them. Later the writers indeed committed grave crimes, and their associates were investigated and arrested. When officials reached his gate, Du An opened the wall and produced the letters with their seals intact. Everyone praised his foresight. The offices of the Three Excellencies all recruited him; a special summons came through the public carriage office, and he was appointed Magistrate of Wan. Earlier, someone in Wan had avenged a wrong. The magistrate could not bear to prosecute him and fled with him. A powerful local man informed on their hiding place, bringing about their capture. Du An deeply hated this. On taking office, he tried and executed the informer, publicly displaying him in the marketplace. Fearing impeachment by the authorities, he resigned. Later summoned as Administrator of Ba Commandery, he corrected inferiors by his own example and transformed customs through ritual. He died of illness in office, lightly encoffined in ordinary seasonal clothes, with plain unlacquered vessels; his son drove the carriage himself. Province and commandery honored him and marked his grave. Du Gen was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and appointed Gentleman of the Palace. Empress Hexi Deng (Deng Sui) <a posthumous designation> then governed. Imperial relatives acted arrogantly, and although Emperor An (Liu Hu) had grown up, power had not been returned to him. Du Gen and fellow gentlemen submitted a forthright remonstrance. Empress Deng (Deng Sui) angrily arrested them and ordered execution. Those condemned were placed in silk sacks and dashed against the ground in the hall. Respecting Du Gen's virtue and public spirit, the officer enforcing the sentence quietly told the attendants not to strike hard. After the executions, carts carried the bodies outside the city. Because the blow had been light, Du Gen revived but kept his eyes closed and did not move. After three days he secretly rose and fled, becoming a worker at a wine shop in the mountains of Yicheng for fifteen years. Recognizing his worth, the wine-shop household always treated him with deep respect. When Empress Deng (Deng Sui) died, Emperor An (Liu Hu) thought Du Gen long dead. Honoring the loyalty and frankness of Du Gen and the others, he issued orders throughout the realm to register the descendants of those executed. Du Gen then emerged, was summoned to the public carriage office, and became Director of Tallies and Credentials. Someone asked: “When disaster struck you, there were many like-minded friends throughout the realm. Why endure such hardship for years?” Du Gen replied: “Moving among people is no place to erase one's traces. If exposed by chance, disaster would reach relatives and friends. That is why I would not do it.” Promoted to Administrator of Jiyin, he governed with virtue and yielding, changing customs. He died naturally at seventy-eight, with an unlacquered coffin and ordinary seasonal burial clothes. On taking office, chief officials always first visited the graves of Du An and Du Gen to sacrifice.>

Du Xi took refuge in Jing Province, where Liu Biao treated him as a guest. His fellow native Fan Qin repeatedly won Liu Biao's admiration for exceptional talent. Du Xi warned him: “I came with you only to coil like a dragon in a hidden marsh, awaiting the time to soar like a phoenix. Did you think Governor Liu (Liu Biao) would be the ruler to put disorder right, and plan to entrust yourself to him? If you keep displaying your ability, you are no companion of mine. I shall break with you!” Fan Qin solemnly replied: “I respectfully accept your instruction.” Du Xi then went south to Changsha.

Early in Jian'an, Taizu (Cao Cao) welcomed the Son of Heaven and established the capital at Xu. Du Xi escaped back to his home district, and Taizu (Cao Cao) made him Chief of Xi'e. The county bordered the southern frontier, where raiders ranged freely. Chief officials gathered people within city walls, preventing farming. Fields lay waste, people suffered, and granaries stood empty. Knowing that kindness had bound the people to him, Du Xi dispersed the old and weak to their fields and livelihoods while retaining strong men for defense. Officials and people rejoiced. When ten thousand infantry and cavalry from Jing Province attacked, Du Xi summoned all officials and commoners capable of defense, more than fifty men, and swore an agreement with them. Those wishing to protect relatives outside were freely allowed to leave, but all knocked their heads and pledged to die. He personally braved arrows and stones and led their united effort. Moved by his kindness, all exerted themselves to the utmost. They took several hundred enemy heads in battle, but more than thirty of Du Xi's men died and all eighteen remaining were wounded. The enemy entered the city. Du Xi led the wounded officials and commoners through the encirclement. Though nearly all had suffered death or loss, none betrayed him. He then gathered scattered people and moved to the camp at Mobei. Officials and people, longing for him, followed as though returning home.

Colonel Director of Retainers Zhong Yao petitioned to appoint Du Xi Consultant Gentleman and military adviser. Xun Yu also recommended him, and Taizu (Cao Cao) made him Libationer for Military Affairs in the Chancellor's office. After the state of Wei was established, he became Palace Attendant, serving alongside Wang Can and He Qia. Wang Can's powerful memory and extensive knowledge often won him the place beside Taizu (Cao Cao) in the carriage during outings, but in respect he did not equal He Qia and Du Xi. Once Du Xi had a private audience lasting until midnight. Impetuous and competitive, Wang Can rose and sat repeatedly, saying: “I wonder what the lord is discussing with Du Xi?” He Qia smiled: “Can the realm's affairs ever be exhausted? It is enough for you to attend during the day. Why be so unhappy here? Do you want both?” Later Du Xi became acting chief clerk to the Chancellor and accompanied Taizu (Cao Cao) to Hanzhong against Zhang Lu. When Taizu (Cao Cao) returned, Du Xi was appointed Chief Commandant of Attendant Cavalry and left to supervise military affairs in Hanzhong. Through reassurance and guidance, he encouraged more than eighty thousand people willingly to move to Luoyang and Ye. When Xiahou Yuan was killed by Liu Bei, the army lost its supreme commander, and officers and soldiers turned pale. Du Xi, Zhang He, and Guo Huai organized the armies and provisionally made Zhang He commander to unite their hearts. The armies consequently stabilized. When Taizu (Cao Cao) returned east, a chief clerk had to be selected for the office left behind to guard Chang'an. The responsible officials repeatedly chose unsuitable men. Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered: “Why abandon a thoroughbred instead of riding it, and anxiously seek another?” He accordingly made Du Xi chief clerk of the remaining office, stationed in Guanzhong.

At the time, a general named Xu You held his own troops, refused allegiance to Taizu (Cao Cao), and spoke disrespectfully. Taizu (Cao Cao) was furious and wished to attack him first. Most ministers remonstrated: “You can attract Xu You and together attack the powerful enemy.” With a sword across his knees, Taizu (Cao Cao) angrily refused. When Du Xi entered to remonstrate, Taizu (Cao Cao) anticipated him: “My plan is settled. Say no more.” Du Xi replied: “If Your Highness's plan is right, I shall help complete it. If it is wrong, even a settled plan should be changed. You anticipate me and forbid speech. How little openness you show toward those below!” Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Xu You insults me. How can I leave him alone?” Du Xi asked: “What sort of man do you consider Xu You?” “An ordinary man.” Du Xi said: “Only the worthy understand the worthy, and only sages understand sages. How can an ordinary man understand an extraordinary one? With wolves blocking the road, you give priority to foxes. People will say Your Highness avoids the strong and attacks the weak, showing neither courage in advance nor humanity in withdrawal. I have heard that a thousand-jun crossbow is not triggered for a tiny mouse, nor a ten-thousand-shi bell sounded with a grass stalk. How could a petty Xu You deserve the exertion of your divine martial power?” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved, treated Xu You generously, and obtained his allegiance. At the time Xiahou Shang was exceptionally intimate with the crown prince. Considering him an unbeneficial friend undeserving of special treatment, Du Xi reported this to Taizu (Cao Cao). Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) was initially very displeased but later reflected on it. The account appears in the Biography of Xiahou Shang. Du Xi's gentleness without offense was always of this kind.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Du Xi received Marquis Within the Passes. After the imperial accession, he became Censor Supervising Army Provisions and Marquis of Wuping Village, then Judicial Officer Supervising Army Provisions, and entered court as Master of Writing. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, he advanced to Marquis of Pingyang District. When Zhuge Liang emerged into Qinchuan and General-in-Chief Cao Zhen supervised the armies resisting him, Du Xi was transferred to military adviser to the General-in-Chief. A hundred households were divided from his estate to grant his elder brother Du Ji Marquis Within the Passes. After Cao Zhen died and Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) replaced him, Du Xi again served as military adviser. His estate increased by three hundred households to five hundred fifty in all. Recalled through illness, he became Grand Palace Grandee. After his death he was posthumously appointed Minister Steward and given the posthumous title Marquis Ding. His son Du Hui succeeded.

Zhao Yan, courtesy name Boran, was from Yangdi in Yingchuan. Taking refuge in Jing Province, he pooled property and plans with Du Xi and Fan Qin, forming one household. When Taizu (Cao Cao) first welcomed Emperor Xian (Liu Xie) <Offering Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> and established the capital at Xu, Zhao Yan told Fan Qin: “General Cao Who Guards the East (Cao Cao) answers the appointed time and has been sent into this age. He will certainly uphold and rescue the Chinese realm. I know where to go.” In the second year of Jian'an, aged twenty-seven, he supported the old and weak in joining Taizu (Cao Cao), who made him Chief of Langling. The county had many powerful, cunning men without fear or restraint. Zhao Yan selected the worst, arrested and investigated them, and proved capital offenses against all. Once they were imprisoned, however, he petitioned the higher administration to release them. Thereafter both his authority and kindness were manifest. When Yuan Shao raised troops to invade southward and sent envoys to attract Yu Province's commanderies, many obeyed him. Only Yang'an remained unmoved, while Commandant Li Tong urgently collected household levies. Zhao Yan told Li Tong: “The realm is not united, and the commanderies are rebelling. If we still collect silk floss and silk from those adhering to us, common people who delight in disorder may harbor resentment. Moreover, danger near and far requires careful thought.” Li Tong replied: “Yuan Shao and the General-in-Chief confront each other urgently, and surrounding commanderies and counties are rebelling. If we do not send the levy, observers will think we are hesitating and waiting for something.” Zhao Yan said: “Your concern is indeed valid. Yet relative importance must be weighed. Delay the levy slightly; I shall relieve you of this difficulty.” He wrote to Xun Yu: “Yang'an must now send silk floss and silk, but the roads are difficult and bandit attacks inevitable. The people are destitute and neighboring cities all rebellious. Collapse would come easily. This is the turning point between safety and danger for a whole region. Moreover, the people have upheld loyalty and remained steadfast amid danger. Even small good deeds must be rewarded to encourage righteousness. Those skilled in government store wealth among the people. The state should reassure them and return all the silk floss and silk collected.” Xun Yu replied: “I have reported to Lord Cao (Cao Cao), and official orders have gone to the commandery returning all the silk to the people.” High and low rejoiced, and the commandery remained secure.

Zhao Yan entered service as a clerk and registrar to the Minister of Works.

Commentary<The Brief History of Wei says: While Taizu (Cao Cao) resisted Yuan Shao in the north, people near and far secretly sent letters and communicated their intentions to Yuan Shao. Zhao Yan served with Li Tong, acting Administrator of Yang'an, who also wished to send an envoy. Zhao Yan explained why Yuan Shao must fail, and Li Tong stopped. After Yuan Shao's defeat and flight, Taizu (Cao Cao) had his records searched. Only Li Tong's correspondence was absent. Privately realizing Zhao Yan must have planned this, he said: “This must be Zhao Boran (Zhao Yan)'s work.” I, your servant Pei Songzhi, observe that according to the Annals of Emperor Wu of Wei (Cao Cao), after defeating Yuan Shao, he obtained letters from people at Xu and in his army and burned them all. If he deliberately had the records searched to discover who had written and who had not, this would not have reassured people's feelings. I suspect this account is incorrect.>

At the time, Yu Jin was stationed at Yingyin, Yue Jin at Yangdi, and Zhang Liao at Changshe. The generals acted on strong temperaments and frequently quarreled. Zhao Yan was made adviser to all three armies. Through instruction and explanation in every matter, he brought them into affectionate harmony. When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned in Jing Province, he made Zhao Yan acting Administrator of Zhangling, then Supervising Protector of the Army, overseeing the seven armies of Yu Jin, Zhang Liao, Zhang He, Zhu Ling, Li Dian, Lu Zhao, and Feng Kai. He again became the Chancellor's registrar and was promoted to Administrator of Fufeng. Taizu (Cao Cao) moved out more than five thousand former soldiers of Han Sui, Ma Chao, and the others, placing them under General Who Pacifies Difficulties Yin Shu and other commanders. Zhao Yan became Protector of the Army in Guanzhong, commanding all the forces. When Qiang enemies repeatedly raided, Zhao Yan led Yin Shu and the others in pursuit to Xinping and heavily defeated them. Agricultural-colony tenant Lü Bing proclaimed himself general and gathered followers to occupy Chencang. Zhao Yan again led Yin Shu and the others against him and destroyed the rebels.

A written order then assigned twelve hundred soldiers to reinforce Hanzhong's defenses, with Yin Shu escorting them. Suddenly parted from their families, the men looked distressed. A day after Yin Shu departed, Zhao Yan feared trouble and personally followed to the mouth of Xie Valley, consoling each man and warning Yin Shu earnestly. Returning, he stayed at the residence of Inspector of Yong Province Zhang Ji. Yin Shu's army advanced another forty li, and the soldiers indeed rebelled. Yin Shu's fate was unknown. Zhao Yan's own escort of a hundred fifty infantry and cavalry belonged to the same units as the rebels, and some were related by marriage. Hearing the news, all were alarmed, put on armor, took up weapons, and lost their sense of security. Zhao Yan wished to return, but Zhang Ji and the others argued: “Your base camps are already disturbed. Going alone will do no good. Wait for definite information.” Zhao Yan said: “Even if the base camps conspired with the rebels, they will surely wait to hear of the marching troops' revolt before rising. Some also wish to remain good but cannot settle themselves. We should hurry to reassure them while they hesitate. Moreover, as their commander, if I cannot keep them united and personally suffer disaster, it is fate.” He left, traveled thirty li, and stopped to rest the horses. Calling all his followers, he explained success and failure and earnestly consoled and encouraged them. All declared with spirit: “In death or life we shall follow the Protector of the Army and dare have no divided loyalty.” Reaching the camps, he summoned and identified more than eight hundred plotters linked to the rebellion, scattered in the open country. He punished only the ringleaders who devised the plot and questioned none of the rest. All those arrested and sent by commanderies and counties were released. They consequently led one another back to surrender. Zhao Yan secretly reported: “A general should be sent to the main camp to request veteran troops to garrison Guanzhong.” Taizu (Cao Cao) sent General Liu Zhu with two thousand men. The plan was to wait until they arrived before moving the others, but it leaked. The camps were greatly alarmed and could not be reassured. Zhao Yan told the generals: “Veteran troops are few and eastern troops have not arrived; that is why the camps are plotting. If a disturbance develops, the danger will be incalculable. While they remain uncertain, we should bring matters to a quick decision.” He announced that a thousand of the gentler new soldiers would remain to garrison Guanzhong and all the others go east. He immediately met the responsible officials, brought in the camps' rosters, examined family encumbrances, and made the selections on the spot. Those retained felt settled and united with Zhao Yan. Those assigned to leave dared not move against him. In one day he sent them all on their way, deploying the retained thousand as a surrounding cordon. The eastern troops soon arrived. He then again combined pressure and persuasion and moved the thousand as well, sending them to catch up and travel east together. More than twenty thousand people in all were safely delivered.

Guan Yu surrounded General Who Campaigns against the South Cao Ren at Fan. Zhao Yan went south as Consultant Gentleman advising Cao Ren's military affairs and advanced together with Xu Huang, newly promoted to General Who Pacifies Bandits. On arrival, Guan Yu's siege of Cao Ren was firm and other relief had not arrived. Xu Huang's forces were insufficient to break it, but the generals loudly pressed him to hurry. Zhao Yan told them: “The enemy's siege has long been strong, and floodwaters remain high. Our men are few, and Cao Ren is cut off and cannot combine his strength with ours. An immediate attack would merely exhaust both forces. Better to push the vanguard close to the siege and send agents to Cao Ren so he knows relief is outside and can encourage his officers and soldiers. I estimate the northern army will arrive within ten days; he can still hold firmly. Then we can strike together from within and without and certainly defeat the enemy. If punishment falls for delaying relief, I shall bear it for all the armies.” The generals rejoiced. They made an underground passage and shot letters by arrow to Cao Ren, exchanging information repeatedly. The northern army arrived, and they joined forces in a great battle. After Guan Yu's army withdrew, his boats still occupied the Mian River and Xiangyang remained cut off. Sun Quan then seized Guan Yu's baggage by surprise. Hearing this, Guan Yu immediately hurried south. Cao Ren assembled the generals, who all said: “Now that Guan Yu is endangered and afraid, we can certainly pursue and capture him.” Zhao Yan said: “Sun Quan exploited Guan Yu's entanglement in war, wishing to seize control of his rear. But he feared Guan Yu would return to relieve it and that we would exploit both sides' exhaustion. Thus he used compliant words and offered service, taking advantage of openings and change while watching the balance of advantage. Now Guan Yu is isolated and fleeing, we should instead preserve him as a danger to Sun Quan. If we pursue deeply, Sun Quan will transfer his fear from Guan Yu to us and cause us trouble. The king must consider this deeply.” Cao Ren relaxed the alert. Hearing Guan Yu had fled, Taizu (Cao Cao) feared the generals would pursue him and indeed urgently instructed Cao Ren just as Zhao Yan had advised.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Zhao Yan became Palace Attendant. Shortly afterward he was appointed Chief Commandant of Attendant Cavalry, acting Administrator of Hedong, and General of the Household for Agricultural Colonies. In the third year of Huangchu he received Marquis Within the Passes. When Sun Quan attacked the frontier and Senior General Who Campaigns against the East Cao Xiu commanded five provinces' armies against him, Zhao Yan was summoned as military adviser. Sun Quan's forces withdrew, the army returned, and Zhao Yan was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yitu Village, transferred to General of the Household for Fiscal Administration, and promoted to Master of Writing. He accompanied the Wu campaign to Guangling and was again left as military adviser to the eastern campaigning command. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, he advanced to Marquis of the Capital District, with six hundred households, supervising the armies of Jing Province with an acting staff of authority. Illness prevented him from taking up the appointment. He again became Master of Writing, went out to supervise the armies of Yu Province, transferred to military adviser to the Grand Marshal, and entered court as Minister of Agriculture. When the Prince of Qi (Cao Fang) <the territorial title used for this Wei emperor> succeeded, Zhao Yan supervised military affairs in Yong and Liang Provinces with an acting staff, became General Who Campaigns against Shu, then General Who Campaigns against the West, supervising Yong and Liang. In the fourth year of Zhengshi, old and ill, he requested return and was recalled as General of Agile Cavalry,

and was promoted to Minister of Works. He died and received the posthumous title Marquis Mu. His son Zhao Ting succeeded. Earlier, Zhao Yan, Xin Pi, Chen Qun, and Du Xi, all of the same commandery, had been renowned together as “Xin, Chen, Du, and Zhao.”

Pei Qian, courtesy name Wenxing, was from Wenxi in Hedong.

Taking refuge in Jing Province, Pei Qian was treated by Liu Biao as a guest. He privately told his close friends Wang Can and Sima Zhi: “Governor Liu (Liu Biao) lacks the talent of a king or hegemon yet wishes to place himself alongside the Lord of the West (Ji Chang) <the Zhou leader later honored as King Wen>. His downfall is not far off.” He then went south to Changsha. When Taizu (Cao Cao) settled Jing Province, Pei Qian became adviser on the Chancellor's military affairs, went out successively as magistrate of three counties, and entered service as a clerk in the Granary Bureau. Taizu (Cao Cao) asked: “You were formerly in Jing Province with Liu Bei. What do you think of his talent and strategy?” Pei Qian replied: “Placed in the central states, he can cause disorder but cannot establish government. If he exploits an opening and holds difficult terrain, he is capable of ruling one region.”

Dai Commandery was then in great disorder, and Pei Qian was made its administrator. The Wuhuan king and leading men, three in all, each called himself chanyu <a supreme ruler's title> and controlled commandery affairs. Previous administrators had been unable to put things right. Taizu (Cao Cao) wished to give Pei Qian picked troops to suppress them. Pei Qian declined: “Dai has a large population, and its fighting men, horses, and bowmen can readily number in the tens of thousands. The chanyus know they have long acted without restraint and feel insecure. If I take many troops, they will fear and resist at the border; if few, they will not fear me. We should devise a strategy, not pressure them with military power.” He went to the commandery in a single carriage. The chanyus were surprised and pleased. Pei Qian pacified them quietly. From the chanyus downward, they removed their caps, knocked their foreheads on the ground, and returned all women, equipment, and wealth seized before and afterward. Pei Qian investigated and executed more than ten leading commandery officials, including Hao Wen and Guo Duan, who had colluded with the chanyus. The northern frontier was shaken, and the people's hearts turned toward him. After three years in Dai, he returned as a clerk in the Chancellor's Justice Bureau. Taizu (Cao Cao) praised his government of Dai. Pei Qian said: “Though lenient toward the common people, I was strict with the non-Chinese groups. Those making plans now will surely think my government too severe and add generous leniency. These people have long been arrogant. Excessive leniency will loosen discipline; once it loosens, they will again be restrained by law. This is how litigation and conflict arise. Judging the circumstances, Dai must rebel again.” Taizu (Cao Cao) deeply regretted recalling him so soon. Several dozen days later, news arrived that the three chanyus had rebelled. He sent the Marquis of Yanling (Cao Zhang), as General of Valiant Cavalry, against them.

Pei Qian went out as Chancellor of Pei and was promoted to Inspector of Yan Province. When Taizu (Cao Cao) stopped at Mobei, he admired the order of Pei Qian's army formations and gave special rewards. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Pei Qian entered court as Regular Mounted Attendant. He went out as General of the Household for Agricultural Colonies in Wei Commandery and Yingchuan, petitioning to open nomination and recommendation on the same basis as commanderies and kingdoms. Thereafter the path to official advancement broadened for agricultural officials. Promoted to Inspector of Jing Province, he received Marquis Within the Passes. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, Pei Qian entered as Master of Writing, went out as Intendant of Henan, and transferred to military adviser to the Grand Commandant and Minister of Agriculture. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Qingyang Village, with two hundred households. Entering as Director of the Masters of Writing, he petitioned to rectify divisions of duty, assess names against realities, and refer more than a hundred fifty categories of business for decision in the responsible offices. He left office to mourn his father and was appointed Grandee of the Imperial Household. He died in the fifth year of Zhengshi, was posthumously appointed Minister of Ceremonies, and received the posthumous title Marquis Zhen.

Commentary<The Brief History of Wei says: People near and far all said Pei Qian should become an excellency, but he died of illness. Earlier, conscious that his birth mother's status was low, that he lacked maternal family connections, and that his father did not respect him, he changed his conduct and entered official life. Despite holding many posts, he remained pure, restrained, and conscientious. Whenever taking office, he did not bring his wife and children. Impoverished, they wove coverings from coarse plant material [藜芘; the exact object requires checking] to support themselves. While in Yan Province, Pei Qian once made a folding stool, leaving it hung on a pillar when he departed. With his father in the capital, he traveled in a carriage with a thin cover; to visit his younger brothers' fields and homes he always walked. Members of his household, young and old, sometimes ate only once in two days. Their family discipline and mutual service resembled Shi Fen's. Few since Wei's rise could match his observance of restraint and measured standards. Broad in talent and dignified in appearance [the source notes 要 as a variant for 雅], he nevertheless went no further and never promoted others. Thus the age credited his purity but did not honor his other qualities as a model.>

His son Pei Xiu succeeded. His final instructions prescribed frugal burial: only one seat and a few earthenware vessels were to be placed in the grave, with nothing else.

During Xianxi, Pei Xiu was Deputy Director of the Masters of Writing.

Commentary<The Descriptive Catalogue of Literary Writings says: Pei Xiu's courtesy name was Jiyan. Broad in understanding and widely helpful, he could compose at eight and consequently became renowned. General-in-Chief Cao Shuang recruited him. After completing mourning for his father, he yielded property to his brothers. At twenty-five he was promoted to Gentleman of the Yellow Gate. When Cao Shuang was executed, Pei Xiu was dismissed as a former subordinate. He became Chancellor of Wei and gradually advanced through Regular Mounted Attendant, Deputy Director and Director of the Masters of Writing, and Grandee of the Imperial Household. During Xianxi, when King Wen of Jin (Sima Zhao) began establishing the five noble ranks, he ordered Pei Xiu to devise their institutions and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Guangchuan. When Jin received the abdication, he became Grandee of the Imperial Household of the Left, was re-enfeoffed as Duke of Julu, and promoted to Minister of Works. He wrote discussions of the Changes and music and drew eighteen sections of geographical maps, which circulated in the world. His maps of covenant meetings and work on official institutions remained incomplete. He died in the seventh year of Taishi at forty-eight, received the posthumous title Duke Yuan, and shared sacrifices in the ancestral temple. His youngest son Pei Wei (裴頠), courtesy name Yimin, inherited the enfeoffment. Xun Chuo's Record of Ji Province says: Pei Wei was broad-minded, refined, and far-sighted, extensively learned and versed in antiquity, with lofty and disciplined conduct, renowned from youth. He served as Palace Attendant to the Crown Prince, Palace Attendant, and Master of Writing. Late in Yuankang he became Deputy Director of the Left among the Masters of Writing. The Prince of Zhao (Sima Lun), fearing and hating his weighty reputation, had him unjustly killed despite knowing he was not of one mind with the Jia clan. I, your servant Pei Songzhi, observe that Lu Ji's Record of Emperor Hui (Sima Zhong)'s Daily Activities calls Pei Wei “a man of far-reaching judgment, an eminent gentleman at court” and also “the people's hope.” His reasoning was comprehensive and profound, and he was rich in debate. He wrote the two discussions Exalting Being and Valuing Nonbeing to correct the defects of empty extravagance. Their language was precise and abundant, and they became celebrated arguments of the age [the attribution of both titles is retained as given here]. His son Pei Song, courtesy name Daowen, was said by Xun Chuo to possess the manner of his father and grandfather. He became a gentleman of the Palace Secretariat and died young. Pei Wei's younger paternal cousin Pei Miao, courtesy name Jingsheng, was outstandingly talented. As consultant gentleman to Grand Tutor Sima Yue, he held an acting staff of authority supervising military affairs in the inner and outer camps. Pei Qian's younger brother Pei Hui (裴徽), courtesy name Wenji, was Inspector of Ji Province. Exceptionally talented and far-sighted, he excelled in discussing profound subtleties. His affairs appear in the biographies of Xun Can, Fu Gu, Wang Bi, and Guan Lu. Pei Hui's eldest son Pei Li, courtesy name Bozong, also named Yan, was General of Mobile Assault. Next came Pei Kang, courtesy name Zhongyu, Commandant of the Crown Prince's Left Guard; Pei Kai, courtesy name Shuze, Palace Attendant, Director of the Palace Secretariat, and Grandee of the Imperial Household with his own staff; and Pei Chuo, courtesy name Jishu, Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, who died young and was posthumously appointed Colonel of the Long River. Pei Kang, Pei Kai, and Pei Chuo were all eminent gentlemen, but Pei Kai's talent and reputation were greatest. Appreciations of the Lords of Jin says: Pei Kang had broad capacity, while Pei Chuo was praised for clear understanding. In youth Pei Kai and Wang Rong of Langye became known together while serving as clerks. Zhong Hui recommended them to General-in-Chief Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao): “Pei Kai is pure and comprehensive; Wang Rong concise and essential.” Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) immediately recruited them as clerks, and they advanced through prominent posts. Xie Kun's Biography of Yue Guang calls Pei Kai outstanding, clear-minded, and discerning, unequaled at the time. Pei Li's son Pei Bao was Inspector of Qin Province. Pei Kang's sons were Pei Chun, Gentleman of the Yellow Gate; Pei Dun, Inspector of Xu Province; Pei He, a man of standing and promise; and Pei Kuo, General of the Central Ramparts. When Emperor Yuan of Jin (Sima Rui) was General Who Pacifies the East, Pei He was his chief clerk. Palace Attendant Wang Kuang wrote to Sima Yue: “Although Pei He attends to no administrative business here, his understanding and judgment are broad and deep. The local gentlemen respect and attach themselves to him greatly.” Pei Kai's sons were Pei Zan, gentleman of the Palace Secretariat, and Pei Xian, Inspector of Yu Province. Pei Chuo's son Pei Xia was registrar to the Grand Tutor. Pei Zan and Pei Xia both had great reputations and died young. Appreciations of the Lords of Jin praises Pei Xian's clear discernment.>

Commentary<The Biographies in the Brief History of Wei places Xu Fu, Yan Gan, Li Yi, Zhang Ji, You Chu, Liang Xi, Zhao Yan, Pei Qian, Han Xuan, and Huang Lang together in one volume. Zhang Ji, Liang Xi, Zhao Yan, and Pei Qian have biographies of their own. Xu Fu's affairs appear in the Biography of Zhuge Liang, and You Chu's in the Biography of Zhang Ji. The remaining four, Yan Gan and the others, are recorded below. Yan Gan, courtesy name Gongzhong, and Li Yi, courtesy name Xiaoyi, were both from Dong County in Fengyi. Dong County had no established office-holding clans, so both came from unconnected households. Both were dignified and generous in character. Late in Zhongping, both were in their twenties. Yan Gan liked swordsmanship, while Li Yi liked arranging and overseeing funerals. The leading Fengyi families—the Huan, Tian, Ji, and Guo—and former Palace Attendant Zheng Wenxin [personal name not supplied here] recognized their substantial qualities and took note of them. When disorder struck the Three Adjuncts, many people wandered away, but Yan Gan and Li Yi remained, sharing the fortunes of friends and acquaintances and gathering firewood to live. Early in Jian'an, Guanzhong began to reopen. An edict separated several western counties of Fengyi into the Commandery of the Administrator of the Left, based at Gaoling, while several eastern counties remained the original commandery, based at Linjin. By county allocation Li Yi should have belonged to the west. He told Yan Gan: “We cannot compete for seats with those fellows of the western counties. Now we should make a square couch together.” They therefore attached themselves to each other and both held leading posts in the eastern commandery. The Colonel Director of Retainers recruited Yan Gan, but he did not go. At year's end the commandery nominated Yan Gan as Filial and Incorrupt and Li Yi as accounts clerk. Li Yi remained in the capital, became Magistrate of Pingling, was promoted to Director of Supernumerary Attendants, and held a succession of prominent posts. When Wei was enfeoffed with ten commanderies, it invited him as Libationer for Military Affairs, then made him Deputy Director of the Left among the Masters of Writing. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended, Li Yi became Remonstrating Grandee, Bearer of the Gilded Mace, and Minister of Guards, dying in office. His son Li Feng, courtesy name Xuanguo, appears in the Biography of Xiahou Xuan. Through his nomination as Filial and Incorrupt, Yan Gan became Magistrate of Puban, leaving through illness. Again nominated for Utmost Filiality, he became Director of the Majors at the Public Carriage Office. At the province's request, an edict made him Consultant Gentleman and returned him to advise provincial affairs. For devising a plan to capture Gao Gan, and with earlier service against Guo Yuan additionally recognized, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wuxiang and promoted to Administrator of Hongnong. When Ma Chao rebelled, his commandery lay near Ma Chao and the people scattered. After Ma Chao's defeat, Yan Gan became Administrator of Hanyang, then Inspector of Yi Province. Because the roads were blocked, during Huangchu he was transferred to General of the Household for All Purposes. Under Emperor Ming (Cao Rui), he became Minister Coachman of Yong'an and died after several years. Li Yi's uprightness and sincerity won the friendship of Chen Qun and others. Though lacking other remarkable abilities, he advanced through office without setbacks. After the devastation, Yan Gan changed his habits and studied, becoming especially skilled in the Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals. Colonel Director of Retainers Zhong Yao preferred the Zuo Commentary and disliked Gongyang. He called Zuo the imperial kitchen and Gongyang a cake seller's shop, frequently debating their merits with Yan Gan. Quick-witted and adept at argument, Zhong Yao left the ineloquent Yan Gan unable to respond on the spot. Zhong Yao said: “Gongyang Gao has finally submitted to Zuo Qiuming.” Yan Gan replied: “Only your former subordinate has submitted to his enlightened superior. Gongyang has not agreed!” Han Xuan, courtesy name Jingran, was from Bohai and short in stature. During Jian'an the Chancellor summoned him as a clerk for military planning, serving without a fixed assignment at Ye. Once, entering or leaving the palace at Ye, he met the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi) inside the eastern side gate. Fresh rain had left mud and standing water. Han Xuan wished to move aside but was blocked by the water. Covering himself with a fan, he stood beside the road. Resenting his failure either to leave or salute, Cao Zhi stopped and had an attendant ask his office. Han Xuan answered: “Clerk for military planning to the Chancellor.” Cao Zhi asked: “Are you entitled to intrude upon a ranked marquis?” Han Xuan replied: “By the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, even a lowly royal envoy ranks above regional lords. I have never heard that a chancellor's officer must perform an inferior officer's salute to a regional lord.” Cao Zhi asked: “Then, as an officer serving a man's father, should you not show courtesy to his son?” Han Xuan answered: “In ritual, minister and son belong to the same category, and I am older.” Recognizing that his supporting arguments could not be exhausted, Cao Zhi let him go and fully described the encounter to the crown prince, praising his eloquence. During Huangchu, as a gentleman among the Masters of Writing, Han Xuan once faced punishment before the hall over official business. Already bound, he awaited the bundled rods. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) passed in his carriage and asked who it was. Attendants answered: “Han Xuan of Bohai, gentleman among the Masters of Writing.” Remembering the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi)'s account, the emperor realized: “Is this the Han Xuan whom Zijian (Cao Zhi) spoke of?” He specially pardoned him, and his bonds were removed. It was bitterly cold. Expecting a beating, Han Xuan had already taken off his trousers, wrapped himself in an undergarment, and had his hands bound behind his back. When pardoned, with the undergarment's waist not lowered, he hurried away. Watching him, the emperor smiled: “This fellow has something of an observant gentleman about him” [瞻諦之士; the precise joke is uncertain]. Han Xuan later became Administrator of Qinghe and Dong Commandery. Under Emperor Ming (Cao Rui), he became Master of Writing and Grand Herald, dying after several years. In his successive offices his ability lay between capable and incapable, but he was good at using his own experience to forgive others. Earlier Han Ji of Nanyang, a man of established virtue, had preceded him as Grand Herald. Han Ji was worthy, and Han Xuan afterward also fulfilled the post. Thus the office said: “The great Grand Herald, the little Grand Herald—how do their earlier and later administrations compare?” Examining the main history, Han Xuan's name does not appear at all. Only the Brief History of Wei contains this biography, though Accounts of the Age ranks him among renowned ministers. Huang Lang, courtesy name Wenda, was from Pei Commandery. Broad in understanding and sincere in character, he was moved by his father's service as a county soldier and resolved to travel and study. Thus the gentlemen of his region and commandery treated him with exceptional respect. He formed an especially close friendship with Wang Huiyang [personal name not supplied here], from a leading Dongping family. Wang Huiyang personally bowed before Huang Lang's mother beside her couch. Huang Lang first entered office during Huangchu as a chief official, then became Magistrate of Chang'an. His mother's death prevented him from taking up the appointment. He later became Magistrate of Wei, General of the Household for Agricultural Colonies at Xiangcheng, and Administrator of Zhuo Commandery. He died of illness under Emperor Ming (Cao Rui). When he governed, remembering his father's position, he always avoided calling the attendant at the bell a ‘corporal,’ addressing him instead by surname and courtesy name. Even in anger he never used the term. Huang Lang rose to a two-thousand-bushel post, while Wang Huiyang also served as Magistrate of Chang'an and Administrator of Jiuquan. People said Wang Huiyang appeared rough and careless outwardly but was firm and close within. His ability to disregard Huang Lang's origins and treat his mother as his own showed broad generosity. Yu Huan says: The world says a gentleman's virtue resembles a dragon, presumably because he is good at transformation. Long ago a Chang'an market broker named Liu Zhongshi was once humiliated by a market official. Stirred to indignation, he stamped on and broke his measuring rule, then went away to study. With mastery of the classics and disciplined conduct, his name spread throughout the realm. Later summoned as Possessing the Way, he refused, and everyone honored his loftiness. I thought this merely an occasional example from an earlier age, yet Xu Fu and Yan Gan now join it. Without dragon-like aspirations, how could they have reached such a point? Li Yi pursued the utmost Way; Zhang Ji skillfully assessed his ruler; Han Xuan was recognized for unusual discernment; Huang Lang rose above his fellows. Each rooted himself on stone and cast shade over a thousand li: no easy thing. Old You Chu was spirited, laid bare his heart, preserved himself and his commandery, and gained the welcome of an imperial ruler. He also modeled himself on Master Lu (Lu Jia), passing his time in ease, feasting, and amusement. This too was a substantial quality. Liang Xi, Zhao Yan, and Pei Qian, though not equal to Zhang and Yang [the abbreviated reference 張、楊 does not identify them fully here], became ever clearer in self-restraint as they aged. This too was difficult to achieve.>

Appraisal: He Qia was pure and harmonious, capable in administration; Chang Lin's plain principles were unalloyed and firm; Yang Jun discerned character and practiced righteousness; Du Xi was gentle, pure, and understood the larger order; Zhao Yan was resolute yet measured; Pei Qian was fair, constant, steadfast, and capable. All were admirable gentlemen of their age. As for Chang Lin's ability to keep his mind unattached to the offices of the Three Excellencies and retire as a grandee, how admirable it was!