Book of Wei · Annals of the Young Emperors

The King of Qi (Cao Fang) <a royal title held before his accession and again after his deposition> had the personal name Fang and courtesy name Lanqing. Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> had no son and adopted the King of Qi (Cao Fang) and the King of Qin (Cao Xun). Palace affairs were secret, and no one knew their origins.

In Qinglong 3, he was established as King of Qi (Cao Fang). On dinghai, the first day of the first month of Jingchu 3, the Emperor (Cao Rui) was gravely ill and established him as imperial crown prince. That day he ascended the imperial throne and proclaimed a general amnesty. The empress was honored as Empress Dowager (Lady Guo). General-in-Chief Cao Shuang and Grand Commandant King Xuan (Sima Yi) <a posthumous royal designation; Sima Yi later received imperial honors under Jin> assisted in government. An edict said: “With my insignificant person I inherit the great enterprise. Alone in grief, I have nowhere to turn. The General-in-Chief and Grand Commandant received the final charge to assist me together. The Ministers over the Masses and of Works, the chief ministers and principal assistants, shall direct all officials to secure the state. Together with the ministers and grand masters, apply yourselves diligently and fulfill my intentions. All palace construction works shall cease in accordance with the late emperor's [Cao Rui's] testament. Government-owned male and female slaves aged sixty and above shall be freed as commoners.” In the second month, the Western Regions presented fire-washed cloth through successive interpreters. An edict ordered the General-in-Chief and Grand Commandant to supervise a demonstration before the assembled officials.

On dingchou, an edict said: “The Grand Commandant embodies the Way and is upright, having served three reigns with complete loyalty. In the south he captured Meng Da, in the west defeated the Shu enemy, and in the east destroyed Gongsun Yuan. His achievements surpass all within the seas. Formerly King Cheng of Zhou (Ji Song) <Accomplished King of Zhou> established the offices of guardian and tutor; more recently, Emperor Xianzong of Han (Liu Zhuang) <a temple name of Emperor Ming of Han> exalted and favored Deng Yu. Outstanding men were thus honored with exceptional respect. Let the Grand Commandant be appointed Grand Tutor, retaining his credentials, command of troops, and supervision of military affairs as before.” In the third month, General Who Conquers the East Man Chong was appointed Grand Commandant. In summer, in the sixth month, officials and people of Dongta County in Liaodong crossed the sea to the territory of Qi Commandery. The former Zongcheng was made Xinta County to house them. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Emperor (Cao Fang) first personally attended court and heard memorials from the high ministers. In the eighth month, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In winter, in the tenth month, General Who Guards the South Huang Quan was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry.

In the twelfth month, an edict said: “Illustrious Ancestor Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Liezu; his temple designation> departed from the realm in the first month. His ministers and descendants will forever recall the grief of that anniversary. Let us restore the Xia beginning of the year. Although this departs from the late emperor's [Cao Rui's] principle of uniting the Three Successions, it is also a reason for altering ritual institutions. Moreover, by calendrical calculation the Xia beginning accords with Heaven's proper sequence. Let the month marked yin be the first month of Zhengshi 1, and the month marked chou be the additional twelfth month.”

In spring of Zhengshi 1, on yichou in the second month, Palace Attendant and Director of the Palace Secretariat Liu Fang and Palace Attendant and Supervisor of the Palace Secretariat Sun Zi were additionally appointed Left and Right Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness respectively. On bingxu, because people of Wen and Beifeng counties in Liaodong had migrated across the sea, land within Xi'an, Linzi, and Changguo counties of Qi Commandery was designated as Xinwen and Nanfeng counties to house the refugees.

No rain had fallen from the preceding twelfth month to this month. On bingyin, an edict ordered judicial officials promptly to redress wrongful cases and release those guilty of minor offenses; the dukes, ministers, and officials were each to offer frank advice and sound plans to the utmost of their ability. In summer, in the fourth month, General of Chariots and Cavalry Huang Quan died. In autumn, in the seventh month, an edict said: “The Changes speaks of diminishing those above to benefit those below and regulating expenditure through institutions, without wasting wealth or harming the people. Now the people lack necessities, yet the Imperial Treasury makes many gold and silver objects. What purpose does this serve? Let one hundred and fifty kinds of gold and silver objects, weighing more than eighteen hundred jin, now be taken out and melted down to meet military needs.” In the eighth month, the imperial carriage inspected the autumn crops around Luoyang; the aged and diligent farmers received gifts in varying measure.

In spring of the second year, in the second month, the Emperor (Cao Fang) first completed his study of the Analects. The Grand Minister of Ceremonies was ordered to sacrifice an ox, sheep, and pig to Confucius at the Circular Moat Academy, with Yan Yuan associated in the sacrifice.

In summer, in the fifth month, Wu's general Zhu Ran and the others besieged Fancheng in Xiangyang. Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi) led troops to resist them.

On xinchou in the sixth month, the enemy withdrew. On jimao, General Who Conquers the East Wang Ling was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry. In winter, in the twelfth month, an earthquake struck Nan'an Commandery.

In spring of the third year, in the first month, the King of Dongping (Cao Hui) died. In the third month, Grand Commandant Man Chong died. In autumn, on jiashen in the seventh month, an earthquake struck Nan'an Commandery. On yiyou, General of the Central Army Jiang Ji was appointed Grand Commandant. In winter, in the twelfth month, an earthquake struck Wei Commandery.

In spring of the fourth year, in the first month, the Emperor (Cao Fang) assumed the adult cap; ministers received gifts in varying measure. In summer, on yimao in the fourth month, Empress Zhen was installed and a general amnesty proclaimed. On the first day of the fifth month, there was a total solar eclipse. In autumn, in the seventh month, an edict ordered sacrifices in Taizu (Cao Cao)'s <Great Ancestor; Cao Cao's posthumous temple name> temple courtyard to the late Grand Marshals Cao Zhen and Cao Xiu; General-in-Chief Who Conquers the South Xiahou Shang; Grand Minister of Ceremonies Huan Jie; Minister of Works Chen Qun; Grand Tutor Zhong Yao; General of Chariots and Cavalry Zhang He; General of the Left Xu Huang; General of the Front Zhang Liao; General of the Right Yue Jin; Grand Commandant Hua Xin; Minister over the Masses Wang Lang; General of Valiant Cavalry Cao Hong; General Who Conquers the West Xiahou Yuan; Generals of the Rear Zhu Ling and Wen Pin; Bearer of the Gilded Mace Zang Ba; General Who Defeats the Enemy Li Dian; General Who Establishes Righteousness Pang De; and Colonel of Martial Valor Dian Wei. In winter, in the twelfth month, the Queen of Wa (Himiko) sent an envoy with offerings.

In spring of the fifth year, in the second month, an edict ordered General-in-Chief Cao Shuang to lead troops against Shu. In summer, on the first day of the fourth month, there was a solar eclipse. On guisi in the fifth month, the Emperor (Cao Fang) completed his study of the Classic of Documents; the Grand Minister of Ceremonies was ordered to sacrifice an ox, sheep, and pig to Confucius at the Circular Moat Academy, with Yan Yuan associated in the sacrifice. Gifts were granted in varying measure to the Grand Tutor, General-in-Chief, and attendant lecturers. On bingwu, General-in-Chief Cao Shuang withdrew his army. In autumn, in the eighth month, the King of Qin (Cao Xun) died. In the ninth month, the Xianbei submitted, and a Liaodong Dependent State was established, with Changli County created to house them. In winter, on guimao in the eleventh month, an edict ordered sacrifice to the late Director of the Masters of Writing Xun You in Taizu (Cao Cao)'s temple courtyard.

On jiyou, the Kingdom of Qin was restored to Jingzhao Commandery. In the twelfth month, Minister of Works Cui Lin died.

In spring of the sixth year, on dingmao in the second month, an earthquake struck Nan'an Commandery. On bingzi, General of Valiant Cavalry Zhao Yan was appointed Minister of Works; he died in summer, in the sixth month. On dingmao in the eighth month, Grand Minister of Ceremonies Gao Rou was appointed Minister of Works. On guisi, Left Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Liu Fang was appointed General of Valiant Cavalry, and Right Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Sun Zi General of the Guards. In winter, in the eleventh month, a joint ancestral sacrifice was held in Taizu (Cao Cao)'s temple, and the twenty-one previously discussed ministers of founding merit were first sacrificed to. On xinhai in the twelfth month, an edict permitted students to use the late Minister over the Masses Wang Lang's Commentary on the Changes in their examinations. On yihai, an edict said: “Tomorrow, when the ministers assemble in full, let the Grand Tutor ride his carriage up into the hall.”

In spring of the seventh year, in the second month, Inspector of You Province Guanqiu Jian attacked Goguryeo; in summer, in the fifth month, he attacked the Yemaek, defeating both. 韓那奚 [name, grouping, and reading uncertain] and several tens of other states each led their tribal communities in surrender. In autumn, on wushen in the eighth month, an edict said: “Recently I went to the market and saw government-owned male and female slaves offered for sale, all aged seventy, or disabled and chronically ill. These are the most destitute of Heaven's people. The government has exhausted their strength and then sells them: neither course is defensible. Let them all be freed as commoners. Those unable to support themselves shall receive relief from the commanderies and counties.”

On jiyou, an edict said: “I am not to perform the sacrifice personally until the nineteenth, but when I went out yesterday I already saw roads being repaired. If rain comes, they will have to be repaired again, merely wasting labor. I constantly think, day and night, of how little strength the people have and how many services they must perform. Roads need only be passable. Yet I hear that the old and young are beaten in pursuit of elaborate ornament, exhausting and displacing them until they sigh in grief. How could I comfortably travel over such roads and present fragrant virtue to the ancestral temple? Henceforth make this injunction clearly known.” In winter, in the twelfth month, the Emperor (Cao Fang) completed his study of the Record of Rites. The Grand Minister of Ceremonies was ordered to sacrifice an ox, sheep, and pig to Confucius at the Circular Moat Academy, with Yan Yuan associated in the sacrifice.

In spring of the eighth year, on the first day of the second month, there was a solar eclipse. In summer, in the fifth month, ten counties north of the Fen in Hedong were separated to form Pingyang Commandery.

In autumn, in the seventh month, Master of Writing He Yan memorialized: “One who governs a state well must first regulate himself; to regulate himself, he must be careful about his habits. If his habits are correct, his person is correct, and others act without being ordered. If his habits are incorrect, his person is incorrect, and even his orders are not obeyed. Thus a ruler must choose upright companions and examine proper examples in what he views. He must banish the music of Zheng from his hearing and keep flatterers away. Only then will corrupt thoughts not arise and the right Way flourish. Benighted rulers at the end of an age do not understand benefit and harm. They keep gentlemen distant and draw petty men close; the loyal and good become remote, while ingratiating men grow familiar. Disorder arises among intimates, like rats in a shrine. Examining whether a ruler is enlightened or darkened, accumulated habits cause the result. Thus sages and worthies earnestly made this their deepest concern. Shun warned Yu, ‘Your neighbors, your neighbors!’ meaning, be careful whom you approach. The Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan) <a founding statesman and regent of Zhou> warned King Cheng (Ji Song), ‘His companions, his companions!’ meaning, be careful whom you associate with. The Documents says, ‘When the one man has good fortune, the myriad people depend upon it.’ Henceforth, whenever Your Majesty visits Shiqian Hall or takes recreation in the rear gardens, senior ministers should attend. Amid leisurely amusements and banquets, You may also review documents, consult on government, and discuss the classics, establishing a model for ten thousand generations.” In winter, in the twelfth month, Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary and Remonstrant Grand Master Kong Yanyi [孔晏乂; name and reading uncertain] memorialized: “According to ritual, the Son of Heaven's palace may have dressed and polished timber, but no vermilion decoration. It is proper to follow ritual and restore antiquity. Now the realm is pacified and the distinction between ruler and ministers clear. Your Majesty need only remain diligent in Your office, maintain an impartial heart, and employ men through carefully judged rewards and punishments. You should cease practicing riding in the rear gardens and always travel in a carriage when going out. This would be the realm's blessing and Your ministers' wish.” He Yan and Kong Yanyi [孔晏乂; name and reading uncertain] both used occasions of deficiency to offer admonition.

In spring of the ninth year, in the second month, General of the Guards and Supervisor of the Palace Secretariat Sun Zi; on guisi, General of Valiant Cavalry and Director of the Palace Secretariat Liu Fang; and on jiawu in the third month, Minister over the Masses Wei Zhen each retired from office, returning to their residences as marquises with the rank of Specially Advanced. In the fourth month, Minister of Works Gao Rou was appointed Minister over the Masses. Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Xu Miao was appointed Minister of Works but firmly declined. In autumn, in the ninth month, General of Chariots and Cavalry Wang Ling was appointed Minister of Works. In winter, in the tenth month, a great wind stripped roofs and broke trees.

In spring of Jiaping 1, on jiawu in the first month, the imperial carriage visited Gaoping Mausoleum.

Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi) memorialized to dismiss General-in-Chief Cao Shuang and Cao Shuang's younger brothers—General of the Central Army Cao Xi, General of the Martial Guard Cao Xun, and Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary Cao Yan—from office, sending them home as marquises. On wuxu, the responsible officials memorialized to arrest Palace Attendant Zhang Dang and hand him over to the Commandant of Justice. His testimony was investigated and confirmed as alleging that Cao Shuang had plotted unlawful action with him. Masters of Writing Ding Mi, Deng Yang, and He Yan; Director of Retainers Bi Gui; Inspector of Jing Province Li Sheng; and Grand Minister of Agriculture Huan Fan were also charged with conspiring with Cao Shuang. Their three kinship groups were exterminated. The account appears in the Biography of Cao Shuang. On bingwu, a general amnesty was proclaimed. On dingwei, Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi) was appointed Chancellor, but he firmly declined and the appointment was abandoned.

In summer, on yichou in the fourth month, the era name was changed. On bingzi, Grand Commandant Jiang Ji died. In winter, on xinmao in the twelfth month, Minister of Works Wang Ling was appointed Grand Commandant. On gengzi, Director of Retainers Sun Li was appointed Minister of Works.

In summer of the second year, in the fifth month, General Who Conquers the West Guo Huai was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry. In winter, in the tenth month, the Specially Advanced Sun Zi was appointed General of Valiant Cavalry. In the eleventh month, Minister of Works Sun Li died. On jiachen in the twelfth month, the King of Donghai (Cao Lin) died. On yiwei, General Who Conquers the South Wang Chang crossed the Yangzi, launched a surprise attack on Wu, and defeated it.

In spring of the third year, in the first month, Inspector of Jing Province Wang Ji and Administrator of Xincheng Zhou Tai [州泰; the source gives Chen, 陳, as a variant surname] attacked Wu and defeated it; several thousand people surrendered. In the second month, Yiling County of Nan Commandery was established to house those who submitted. In the third month, Director of the Masters of Writing Sima Fu was appointed Minister of Works. On jiashen in the fourth month, General Who Conquers the South Wang Chang was promoted to General-in-Chief Who Conquers the South. On renchen, a general amnesty was proclaimed. On bingwu, word came that Grand Commandant Wang Ling planned to depose the Emperor (Cao Fang) and install the King of Chu (Cao Biao). Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi) campaigned east against Wang Ling. On jiayin in the fifth month, Wang Ling killed himself. In the sixth month, the King of Chu (Cao Biao) was ordered to die. In autumn, on renxu in the seventh month, Empress Zhen died. On xinwei, Minister of Works Sima Fu was appointed Grand Commandant. On wuyin, Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi) died. General of the Guards King Jing (Sima Shi) <a posthumous royal designation; Sima Shi later received imperial honors under Jin> was appointed General-in-Chief Who Pacifies the Army and Supervisor of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing. On yiwei, Empress Huai (Lady Zhen) <Cherished Empress; a posthumous title> was buried at Taiqing Mausoleum. On gengzi, General of Valiant Cavalry Sun Zi died. In the eleventh month, the responsible officials memorialized that ministers of merit entitled to share sacrifices in Taizu (Cao Cao)'s temple should be reordered by office; Grand Tutor King Xuan (Sima Yi), whose achievement was greatest and rank highest, was placed first. In the twelfth month, Superintendent of the Imperial Household Zheng Chong was appointed Minister of Works.

In spring of the fourth year, on guimao in the first month, General-in-Chief Who Pacifies the Army King Jing (Sima Shi) was appointed General-in-Chief. In the second month, Empress Zhang was installed and a general amnesty proclaimed. In summer, in the fifth month, two fish appeared on the roof of the arsenal.

In winter, in the eleventh month, an edict ordered General-in-Chief Who Conquers the South Wang Chang, General Who Conquers the East Hu Zun, General Who Guards the South Guanqiu Jian, and the others to attack Wu. In the twelfth month, Wu's General-in-Chief Zhuge Ke resisted and inflicted a great defeat on the armies at Dongguan. They withdrew after this reverse.

In summer of the fifth year, in the fourth month, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In the fifth month, Wu's Grand Tutor Zhuge Ke besieged Hefei's New City. An edict ordered Grand Commandant Sima Fu to resist him.

In autumn, in the seventh month, Zhuge Ke withdrew.

In the eighth month, an edict said: “The late Gentleman of the Household Guo Xiu of Xiping sharpened his integrity, disciplined his conduct, and held unwavering purpose. When Shu's general Jiang Wei raided his commandery, he was captured. Last year, the usurping General-in-Chief Fei Yi led his men in secret designs against us, passing through Hanshou and assembling guests at a banquet. Amid the great gathering, Guo Xiu struck Fei Yi with his own blade. His courage surpassed Nie Zheng's and his achievement exceeded Jiezi's [Fu Jiezi's]. He may be called one who sacrificed his life to fulfill benevolence and relinquished life for righteousness. Posthumous honors manifest loyalty and righteousness; extending benefits to descendants encourages those to come. Let Guo Xiu be posthumously enfeoffed as Marquis of Changle Township, with a fief of one thousand households and the posthumous designation Marquis Wei (Guo Xiu) <Formidable Marquis>. His son shall inherit the rank and additionally become Commandant of Imperial Carriages. Grant a thousand silver ingots and a thousand bolts of silk to honor the living and the dead and transmit this distinction to posterity.”

From the Emperor's (Cao Fang's) accession down to this year, commanderies, kingdoms, counties, and dao districts were established or abolished in many places, sometimes soon restored again. They cannot all be recorded.

In spring of the sixth year, on jichou in the second month, General Who Guards the East Guanqiu Jian reported: “When Zhuge Ke besieged Hefei's New City, the defenders sent the soldier Liu Zheng through the siege lines to convey news. Captured by the enemy, he was interrogated about his message. They told him, ‘Lord Zhuge (Zhuge Ke) wishes to spare you; confess everything.’ Liu Zheng cursed them: ‘Dead dogs! What talk is this? I shall certainly die and become a spirit of Wei. I will not seek a shameful life by following you. If you want to kill me, kill me quickly.’ He said nothing else. The soldier Zheng Xiang was also sent out with news. Someone informed Zhuge Ke, who sent cavalry to search the tracks around the siege and brought Zheng Xiang back. Four or five men bound his head and face and led him around outside the city, instructing him to shout, ‘The great army has already returned to Luoyang; better surrender early.’ He refused, instead shouting to the defenders, ‘The great army is nearby, outside the siege! Brave men, strive hard!’ The enemy struck his mouth with a blade to prevent him speaking, but he continued shouting until those within heard. As soldiers, Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang upheld righteousness and integrity. Their sons and younger brothers deserve special treatment.” An edict said: “Distinguished ranks reward great achievement, and generous gifts honor men of heroic integrity. Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang volunteered to carry messages, crossed dense siege lines, and braved naked blades. Disregarding their lives, they kept faith. Unfortunately captured, they upheld their integrity still more firmly, proclaimed the strength of our armies, calmed the defenders' fears, faced danger without hesitation, and fulfilled their mission to the end. Formerly, Xie Yang, captured by Chu, would die rather than waver, and Qi's Grand Master Luzhong fulfilled his command through death. Compared with Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang, they could do no more. Now grant Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang posthumously the rank of Marquis of Guanzhong [關中侯, distinct from 關內侯, Marquis within the Passes], remove each from the military-service register, and let their sons inherit, according to the provisions for unit commanders killed on duty.”

On gengxu, Supervisor of the Palace Secretariat Li Feng and the empress's father, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Zhang Ji, and the others plotted to remove and replace the chief minister, making Grand Minister of Ceremonies Xiahou Xuan General-in-Chief. The affair was discovered, and all implicated were executed. On xinhai, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In the third month, Empress Zhang was deposed. In summer, in the fourth month, Empress Wang was installed and a general amnesty proclaimed. In the fifth month, her father, Commandant of Imperial Carriages Wang Kui, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Guangming Township and appointed Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with the rank of Specially Advanced. His wife, Lady Tian, became Lady of Xuanyang Township. In autumn, in the ninth month, General-in-Chief King Jing (Sima Shi) planned to depose the Emperor (Cao Fang) and reported this to the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo).

On jiaxu, the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) ordered: “Emperor Fang (Cao Fang) has grown to adulthood but does not attend to the countless affairs of government. He indulges in the women of the inner palace, sinks into their influence, daily summons entertainers, and permits their disgraceful mockery. He brings the families of the women of the six palaces into the inner apartments, violating human relationships and the distinction between men and women. His reverence and filial conduct diminish daily, while his defiance and arrogance increase. He cannot continue Heaven's succession or serve the ancestral temples. Let Gao Rou, acting Grand Commandant, carry the document of investiture and announce this at the ancestral temple with a single dark bull, then send Cao Fang back to his fief in Qi to relinquish the imperial throne.” [Translator's note: These are the deposition order's accusations.]

That day, he was moved to a separate palace, aged twenty-three. An envoy with credentials escorted and guarded him. A palace for the King of Qi (Cao Fang) was built at Chongmen in Henei, with all arrangements following the rites of a royal fief.

On dingchou, an order said: “The King of Donghai (Cao Lin) was a son of High Ancestor Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Gaozu; his temple name>. His sons are the state's closest kin. The Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) has the capacity for great accomplishment. Let him become Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s heir.”

The Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) had the personal name Mao and courtesy name Yanshi. He was a grandson of Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) and son of King Ding of Donghai (Cao Lin). In Zhengshi 5, he was enfeoffed as Duke of Gaogui District in 歘 County [county name and reading uncertain]. From childhood he loved learning and matured early. When the King of Qi (Cao Fang) was deposed, the high ministers deliberated and chose to receive and install the duke. On jichou in the tenth month, he reached Xuanwu Lodge. The ministers requested that he occupy the front hall, but because it had been the late emperor's former lodging, he declined and stayed in the western side room. They also requested to receive him with the imperial procession; he refused. On gengyin, he entered Luoyang. The ministers welcomed him with bows south of the western side gate. He got down from his carriage to return their bows. The master of ceremonies said, “Ritual does not require you to bow.” He answered, “I am a subject,” and returned the bows. At the Gate for Stopping Carriages, he alighted. His attendants said, “The custom is to ride in.” He answered, “I have been summoned by the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo), but do not yet know for what purpose!” He walked to the eastern hall of Taiji to see her. That day he ascended the imperial throne in Taiji's front hall, to the delight of the officials attending.

An edict said: “Formerly, the Three Ancestors, with divine martial power and sagely virtue, responded to Heaven and received the succession. The King of Qi (Cao Fang) inherited the throne but acted without restraint and overturned his virtue. The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo), deeply mindful of the state's importance, accepted the chief ministers' advice, removed him, and concentrated the great Mandate upon my one person. With my insignificant self placed above kings and dukes, I am reverent and fearful day and night, afraid I cannot uphold the ancestors' great instructions and expand the great enterprise of restoration. I tremble as though at the edge of a valley. Now the dukes, ministers, and officials who serve as our limbs, and the commanders in the four quarters who exert themselves in support, have accumulated virtue and merit and served the imperial house with loyalty and diligence. I hope to rely on the virtuous ministers of my ancestors and late father to assist this young man and preserve the imperial house, allowing me, though benighted, to govern with folded hands. I have heard that a ruler's virtue should be thick as Heaven and Earth, with benefits spread through the four seas. He leads with compassion and shows what to love and hate; then teaching proceeds above and the myriad people obey below. Though I lack virtue and am ignorant of the great Way, I wish to reach this path together with all within the realm. Does the Documents not say, ‘Bring peace to the people with kindness, and the common people will cherish you’?” A general amnesty was proclaimed and the era name changed. Expenditure on imperial clothing, furnishings, and the rear palace was reduced; useless, elaborate luxuries made by the Imperial Workshops, Imperial Treasury, and their craftsmen were discontinued.

In winter of Zhengyuan 1, on renchen in the tenth month, Palace Attendants with credentials were sent in different directions to inspect customs, comfort soldiers and commoners, and investigate those wronged or deprived of their proper positions. On guisi, General-in-Chief King Jing (Sima Shi) was granted the yellow execution axe and permission to enter court without hastening, submit matters without giving his personal name, and ascend the hall wearing his sword and shoes. On wuxu, a yellow dragon appeared in a well at Ye. On jiachen, the responsible officials were ordered to assess the achievements of those who had settled the deposition and accession; titles, enlarged fiefs, promotions, and gifts were awarded in varying measure.

In spring of the second year, on yichou in the first month, General Who Guards the East Guanqiu Jian and Inspector of Yang Province Wen Qin rebelled. On wuyin [a variant reads wuxu], General-in-Chief King Jing (Sima Shi) campaigned against them. On guiwei, General of Chariots and Cavalry Guo Huai died. On jihai in the intercalary month, Wen Qin was defeated at Lejia. He fled and ultimately went over to Wu. On jiachen, the Commandant of Anfeng Ford [a variant reads Huai Ford] beheaded Guanqiu Jian and sent his head to the capital.

On renzi, another special amnesty was granted to Huainan's soldiers and people who had been misled by Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin. General Who Guards the South Zhuge Dan was appointed General-in-Chief Who Guards the East. King Jing (Sima Shi) died at Xuchang. On dingsi in the second month, General of the Guards King Wen (Sima Zhao) was appointed General-in-Chief and Supervisor of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing.

On jiazi, Wu's senior general Sun Jun and the others reached Shouchun with a force said to number one hundred thousand. Zhuge Dan resisted and defeated them, beheading Wu's General of the Left Liu Zan and reporting victory to the capital. In the third month, Empress Bian was installed and a general amnesty proclaimed. In summer, on jiayin in the fourth month, her father Bian Long was enfeoffed as a ranked marquis. On jiaxu, General-in-Chief Who Conquers the South Wang Chang was appointed General of Valiant Cavalry. In autumn, in the seventh month, General-in-Chief Who Conquers the East Hu Zun was appointed General of the Guards, and General-in-Chief Who Guards the East Zhuge Dan was appointed General-in-Chief Who Conquers the East.

In the eighth month, on xinhai, Shu's General-in-Chief Jiang Wei raided Didao. Inspector of Yong Province Wang Jing fought him west of the Tao River and suffered a great defeat, withdrawing into Didao. On xinwei, Colonel of the Changshui Cavalry Deng Ai was made acting General Who Pacifies the West to join General Who Conquers the West Chen Tai in resisting Jiang Wei. On wuchen, Grand Commandant Sima Fu was also sent as a supporting force. On gengzi in the ninth month, the Emperor (Cao Mao) completed his study of the Documents; gifts were granted in varying measure to Minister of Works Zheng Chong, Palace Attendant Zheng Xiaotong, and the others who held the text and personally taught him. On jiachen, Jiang Wei withdrew. In winter, in the tenth month, an edict said: “With my meager virtue, I have failed to restrain enemy violence and have allowed the Shu rebels to rampage on the frontier. The battle west of the Tao ended in defeat, with officers and soldiers killed by the thousands. Some lost their lives on the battlefield, their wronged souls unable to return; others were dragged away in enemy hands and displaced in a foreign land. I deeply grieve for them. Let the local commanderies, Agricultural Commandants, and the two Protectors of the Army for Pacifying and Soothing the Non-Chinese each assign senior officials to comfort and assist their households, exempting them from taxes and labor service for one year. Those who died fighting shall all be treated according to the established provisions, with no omissions.”

On jiawu in the eleventh month, because the four commanderies of Longyou and Jincheng had suffered repeated enemy attacks and some people had deserted to the enemy, leaving their relatives at home uneasy, all those relatives were specially pardoned. On guichou, an edict said: “In the former battle west of the Tao, officers, soldiers, and commoners died in battle or drowned in the Tao. Their remains lie ungathered in the wilderness, and I constantly grieve. Instruct the Generals Who Conquer and Pacify the West each to order their men to search the battlefield and waterside for bodies, recover and bury them, and comfort the living and the dead.”

In spring, in the first month of Ganlu 1, on xinchou, a blue dragon appeared in a well in Zhi County. On yisi, the King of Pei (Cao Lin) died.

In summer, in the fourth month, on gengxu, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) was granted robes with dragon emblems and a ceremonial crown, together with red ceremonial shoes.

On bingchen, the Emperor (Cao Mao) visited the Imperial Academy and asked the scholars: “The sage, mysteriously assisting divine powers, looked upward and downward and first made the eight trigrams. A later sage doubled them into sixty-four hexagrams, establishing their lines to exhaust numerical possibilities. Their great principles encompass everything. Yet Xia had the Linked Mountains, Yin the Returning to Concealment, and Zhou what is called the Changes of Zhou. Why did the books of Changes differ?” Erudite of the Changes Chunyu Jun replied: “Baoxi used the charts of Suihuang to make the eight trigrams. Shennong expanded them into sixty-four hexagrams. The Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun comprehended their transformations. The Three Dynasties followed their times, their simplicity and refinement answering particular conditions. Thus yi means change. Linked Mountains suggests clouds issuing from within mountains and joining heaven and earth; Returning to Concealment means that all things return and lie concealed within it.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “If Baoxi followed Suihuang in making the Changes, why did Confucius not say, ‘When Suiren died, Baoxi arose’?” Chunyu Jun could not answer. The Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “Confucius wrote the Judgments and Images, and Zheng Xuan wrote a commentary. Though one was a sage and the other a worthy, both explained the same classic. Why are the Judgments and Images separate from its text, whereas the commentary is attached?” Chunyu Jun replied: “Zheng Xuan joined the Judgments and Images to the classic to make it easier for students to consult and understand.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “If combining them truly helps students, why did Confucius not combine them?” Chunyu Jun replied: “Confucius feared confusing his words with those of King Wen (Ji Chang), so he kept them separate. This was the sage's modesty.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “If separation expressed the sage's modesty, why alone was Zheng Xuan not modest?” Chunyu Jun replied: “The ancient meaning is profound and Your Majesty's questions reach far. I cannot explain everything.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “The Appended Statements says, ‘The Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun let their upper and lower garments hang down, and the realm was governed.’ Does this mean there were no such garments under Baoxi and Shennong? Why did the sages' transformation of the world differ so much?” Chunyu Jun replied: “Under the Three Sovereigns, people were few and birds and beasts numerous, so their feathers and skins met people's needs. By the Yellow Emperor's time, people were numerous and animals few; garments were therefore made to meet changing conditions.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “Qian represents heaven, but also metal, jade, and an old horse. Is it placed alongside trifling things?” Chunyu Jun replied: “The sage drew images from both far and near: nearby, from things; afar, from heaven and earth.”

After the lecture on the Changes, the Emperor (Cao Mao) ordered a lecture on the Documents. He asked: “Zheng Xuan says, ‘Examining antiquity and matching Heaven means that Yao matched Heaven.’ Wang Su says, ‘Yao carefully examined the ancient Way and practiced it.’ These interpretations differ. Which is correct?” Erudite Yu Jun replied: “Earlier scholars differed, and I cannot decide between them. But the Great Plan says, ‘When three divine, follow the words of two.’ Jia Kui, Ma Rong, and Wang Su all interpret it as examining the ancient Way. By that principle, Wang Su's interpretation is better.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “Zhongni (Confucius) said, ‘Only Heaven is great; only Yao modeled himself upon it.’ Yao's greatest excellence was taking Heaven as his model; examining the ancient Way was not his highest attainment. Would an opening intended to illuminate his sage virtue omit the greater point and mention the lesser? Could this have been its author's intent?” Yu Jun replied: “I follow my teacher's explanation and have not grasped the greater meaning. Your Majesty must decide.” When they reached the Four Peaks' recommendation of Gun, the Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “The great man's virtue accords with heaven and earth, his brightness with sun and moon. His thought encompasses everything and his illumination reaches everywhere. Wang Su says, ‘Yao could not clearly assess Gun, so he tried employing him.’ Was the sage's insight then incomplete?” Yu Jun replied: “Even a sage's greatness has limits. Thus Yu said, ‘Knowing men is wisdom; even the emperor finds it difficult.’ Yet Yao ultimately changed his appointment to a sage and worthy and brought many undertakings to fulfillment. This too made him a sage.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “Only a sage sees matters through from beginning to end. Without a proper beginning, how can one be a sage? ‘Even the emperor finds it difficult,’ followed by a successful change of appointment, means that knowing men is difficult even for sages; it does not say their insight is incomplete. The classic says, ‘Knowing men is wisdom; one can appoint men to office.’ If Yao doubted Gun and tried him for nine years, appointments were disordered. How could this be sage wisdom?” Yu Jun replied: “From the classics and commentaries, I see that sages could make mistakes. Yao erred with the Four Malefactors, the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan) with his two brothers, and Zhongni (Confucius) with Zai Yu.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “Gun accomplished nothing in nine years, disrupted the ordering of the Five Elements, and left the people sunk in floods. Zhongni's (Confucius's) mistake about Zai Yu concerned the difference between words and deeds; the weight of the errors differs. The affairs of the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan), Guan, and Cai are also recorded in the Documents. These are matters an erudite should understand.” Yu Jun replied: “Earlier worthies themselves questioned these matters. My limited understanding cannot resolve them.” At ‘There is an unmarried man among the common people, called Yu Shun,’ the Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “Under Yao, floods harmed the people and the Four Malefactors occupied court. It was time to promote a sage swiftly to save the people. Shun was already of mature age and his sage virtue shone. Why was he long left unappointed?” Yu Jun replied: “Yao earnestly sought a worthy successor. The Four Peaks replied that their deficient virtue would disgrace the imperial position. Yao then asked them to recommend someone obscure and lowly, and they recommended Shun. His recommendation thus originated with Yao, who wished to exhaust everyone's judgment.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) said: “Yao heard of Shun but did not employ him, and loyal ministers likewise did not advance him. Only after ordering the Four Peaks to recommend the obscure did they put him forward. This hardly shows urgency in employing a sage to relieve the people.” Yu Jun replied: “My foolish understanding cannot reach this.” [Translator's note: In this last question, the supplied text writes 獄, ‘prison,’ where the context points to 嶽, the Four Peaks.]

The Emperor (Cao Mao) then ordered a lecture on the Record of Rites. He asked: “‘In the highest age, they established virtue; next, they attended to giving and repayment.’ How could government produce such different forms of moral transformation? What policies enabled rulers to establish virtue and give without seeking repayment?” Erudite Ma Zhao replied: “Establishing virtue in the highest age refers to the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors transforming the people by virtue. Giving and repayment in the next age refers to the Three Kings governing by ritual.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) asked: “Did the difference in the depth of their influence reflect superior and inferior rulers, or did circumstances make it so?” Ma Zhao replied: “Times indeed differed in simplicity and refinement, and therefore so did the depth of their influence.”

In the fifth month, both Ye and Shangluo reported the fall of sweet dew. In summer, in the sixth month, on bingwu, the era name was changed to Ganlu. On yichou, a blue dragon appeared in a well within Yuancheng County. In autumn, in the seventh month, on jimao, General of the Guards Hu Zun died.

On guiwei, General Who Pacifies the West Deng Ai severely defeated Shu's chief general Jiang Wei at Shanggui. An edict said: “Before our troops had exhausted their might, the vile enemy was crushed, with heads taken and prisoners captured numbering tens of thousands. None of our recent victories compares with this. Envoys are now being sent to reward the officers and soldiers. Hold a great assembly, attend their feast, and let them drink and banquet all day, fulfilling my wishes.”

In the eighth month, on gengwu, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) received the additional title Grand Commander-in-Chief, permission to submit memorials without using his personal name, and the yellow battle-axe of authority. On guiyou, Grand Commandant Sima Fu was appointed Grand Tutor. In the ninth month, Minister over the Masses Gao Rou became Grand Commandant. In winter, in the tenth month, Minister of Works Zheng Chong became Minister over the Masses, and Left Supervisor of the Masters of Writing Lu Yu became Minister of Works.

In spring, in the second month of the second year, a blue dragon appeared in a well in Wen County. In the third month, Minister of Works Lu Yu died.

In summer, in the fourth month, on guimao, an edict said: “Officials and people of Gaoxian County in Xuantu Commandery rebelled, and their chief Zheng Xi was killed by the rebels. The commoner Wang Jian carried Zheng Xi's remains, traveling night and day under the stars, to bring them far back to his home province. His loyalty deserves praise. Appoint Wang Jian specially as Commandant of Loyalty and Righteousness to distinguish his exceptional conduct.”

On jiazi, General-in-Chief Who Conquers the East Zhuge Dan was appointed Minister of Works.

In the fifth month, on xinwei, the Emperor (Cao Mao) visited the Biyong ritual academy and ordered his assembled ministers to compose poems. Palace Attendant He You, Master of Writing Chen Qian, and others were late in finishing. The responsible officials proposed dismissing them. An edict said: “Despite my ignorance, I love literary refinement and broadly invite poems and rhapsodies to learn my successes and failings. This resulting commotion makes me deeply uneasy. Pardon He You and the others. Officials in charge should direct all ministers henceforth to study ancient meanings and clarify the classics, fulfilling my wishes.”

On yihai, Zhuge Dan refused the summons, raised troops in rebellion, and killed Yang Province Inspector Yue Chen. On bingzi, an amnesty was granted to the Huainan officers, officials, soldiers, and commoners misled by Zhuge Dan. On dingchou, an edict said: “Zhuge Dan has raised a destructive rebellion in Yang Province. When Qing Bu rebelled, the Han founder (Liu Bang) campaigned personally; when Wei Ao defied authority, Guangwu (Liu Xiu) <Martial Brilliance, a posthumous imperial title> marched west. Liezu, Emperor Ming (Cao Rui), personally campaigned against Wu and Shu. All displayed awe-inspiring wrath and military power. The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) and I should now briefly attend the campaign together, swiftly quell the vile enemy, and restore peace in the east.” On jimao, an edict said: “Zhuge Dan has raised rebellion and coerced loyal men. General Who Pacifies Bandits and Marquis of Linwei Village Pang Hui, and Cavalry Commander and Assistant General Lu Fan, each led their followers, broke through the gate, and escaped. Their loyal valor deserves exceptional praise. Advance Pang Hui to district marquis and enfeoff Lu Fan as village marquis.”

In the sixth month, on yisi, an edict said: “Sun Yi, Wu's Bearer of Credentials, Commander of All Military Affairs at Xiakou, General Who Guards the Army, and Marquis of Shaxian, belongs to the enemy ruling house and holds high command. Fearing Heaven and recognizing the mandate, he understood fortune and disaster, changed allegiance with his followers, and came from afar to our great state. Even Weizi's departure from Yin and Yue Yi's flight from Yan did not surpass this. Appoint Sun Yi Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Acting Bearer of Credentials, Governor of Jiao Province, and Marquis of Wu. Let him establish his own staff and recruit officials, with ceremonial standing equal to the Three Excellencies. Following the ancient eightfold investiture of marquises and earls, grant him dragon robes, ceremonial crown, and red ceremonial shoes, treating him generously.”

On jiazi, an edict said: “The imperial carriage now rests at Xiang, while the General-in-Chief respectfully executes Heaven's punishment and advances to the Huai banks. Formerly, when the Chancellor of State and Grand Marshal campaigned, Masters of Writing accompanied them. Follow that precedent now.” Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary Pei Xiu and Court Attendant and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate Zhong Hui were therefore ordered to accompany the General-in-Chief. In autumn, in the eighth month, an edict said: “When King Ci of Yan (Liu Dan) plotted rebellion, Han Yi and others died remonstrating, and the Han court conspicuously promoted their sons. When Zhuge Dan raised rebellion, Registrar Xuan Long and Unit Commander Qin Jie upheld their principles and argued firmly against him, and he killed them. They suffered Bi Gan's fate without being related to their ruler as he was. Appoint their sons Commandants of Cavalry and add posthumous gifts, displaying their distinction far and near to honor loyalty.”

In the ninth month, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In winter, in the twelfth month, Wu's senior generals Quan Duan, Quan Yi, and others surrendered with their forces.

In spring, in the second month of the third year, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) took Shouchun and beheaded Zhuge Dan. In the third month, an edict said: “In antiquity, victors gathered enemy corpses into victory mounds to punish blind rebellion and display martial achievement. During the Yuanding era, Emperor Xiaowu of Han (Liu Che) <Filial and Martial, a posthumous title> renamed Tongxiang Wenxi and Xinxiang Huojia to commemorate Southern Yue's destruction. The General-in-Chief personally commanded the six armies and camped at Qiutou, destroying rebels within and enemies without. His achievements saved the people and resounded throughout the seas. The site of his victory deserves an auspicious name. Rename Qiutou Wuqiu, ‘Martial Hill,’ making clear that arms quelled rebellion, so later generations will not forget. This shares the intent of victory mounds and those two county names.”

In summer, in the fifth month, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) was appointed Chancellor of State and enfeoffed as Duke of Jin, with eight commanderies as his fief, and granted the Nine Bestowments. King Wen (Sima Zhao) declined nine times, and the matter was dropped.

In the sixth month, on bingzi, an edict said: “When mountain bandits disturbed Nanyang Commandery and sought to seize former Administrator Dongli Gun as a hostage, Merit Officer Ying Yu alone protected him and saved him. Ying Yu died amid the turmoil, sacrificing himself to save his superior. Refer this to the Minister over the Masses and appoint Ying Yu's grandson Lun as an official, so his steadfast loyalty receives its reward.”

On xinmao, achievements in Huainan were comprehensively assessed, and titles and rewards were granted in differing amounts.

In autumn, in the eighth month, on jiaxu, General of Agile Cavalry Wang Chang became Minister of Works. On bingyin, an edict said: “Honoring the aged and advancing instruction established the enduring moral influence of the Three Dynasties. They appointed a Sanlao and a Wugeng to receive the highest respect, sought their advice, and accepted their teachings, as recorded in trustworthy histories. The whole realm then followed their influence, and those below were transformed by observing them. Select men of outstanding virtue to fill these positions. Marquis within the Passes Wang Xiang practices humanity and righteousness, with pure and steadfast aspirations. Marquis within the Passes Zheng Xiaotong is gentle, respectful, filial, and fraternal, following ritual without error. Appoint Wang Xiang Sanlao and Zheng Xiaotong Wugeng.” The Emperor (Cao Mao) personally led the officials in performing the ancient rites. [Translator's note: Sanlao and Wugeng were honorary elders invited to instruct the ruler; their names and interpretation are discussed in the following annotation.]

That year, blue and yellow dragons repeatedly appeared in wells within Dunqiu, Guanjun, and Yangxia counties.

In spring, in the first month of the fourth year, two yellow dragons appeared in a well within Ningling County.

In summer, in the sixth month, Minister of Works Wang Chang died. In autumn, in the seventh month, the King of Chenliu (Cao Jun) died. In winter, in the tenth month, on bingyin, Xincheng Commandery was divided, restoring Shangyong Commandery. In the eleventh month, on guimao, General of Chariots and Cavalry Sun Yi was killed by a maidservant.

On the first day of the first month in spring of the fifth year, the sun was eclipsed. In summer, in the fourth month, an edict ordered officials to follow the previous command, again advancing General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) to Chancellor of State, enfeoffing him as Duke of Jin, and granting the Nine Bestowments.

In the fifth month, on jichou, the Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) died, aged twenty.

The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) issued a command: “Through my lack of virtue, our house has suffered misfortune. Formerly I raised Mao, son of the King of Donghai (Cao Lin), as successor to Emperor Ming (Cao Rui). Seeing his liking for writings and literary composition, I hoped he could become accomplished. But his violent disposition grew worse daily. When I repeatedly rebuked him, he became still angrier, making vile, rebellious, and immoral statements to slander me, and cutting off intercourse between the two palaces. His words were unbearable, beyond what heaven and earth should tolerate. I secretly told the General-in-Chief that he could not serve the ancestral temples; I feared he would overturn the state, leaving me unable to face the late emperor (Cao Rui) in death. Considering him young and capable of reform, the General-in-Chief earnestly resisted. But the boy grew increasingly furious and violent. He shot a crossbow toward my palace, vowing to strike my neck; an arrow fell before me. I told the General-in-Chief dozens of times that he must be deposed. Hearing all this and knowing his guilt was grave, the boy plotted regicide. He bribed my attendants to poison me secretly when I took medicine, repeatedly laying plans. When discovered, he intended to use an assembly to bring troops into the western palace and kill me, then go out to seize the General-in-Chief. He summoned Palace Attendant Wang Chen, Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary Wang Ye,

and Master of Writing Wang Jing, showed them a yellow-silk edict from his breast, and said he would act that day. My danger exceeded that of piled eggs. Old and widowed, could I greatly cherish what life remains? My pain was that the late emperor's (Cao Rui's) wishes would go unfulfilled and the state be overturned. Thanks to the ancestral spirits, Wang Chen and Wang Ye immediately rode to tell the General-in-Chief, who could prepare his defenses. The boy led his followers out through Yunlong Gate, thundered the war drums, and personally drew his blade, entering the troops with his attendants and miscellaneous guards. He was killed by the forward ranks. Having committed rebellion and brought this disaster upon himself, he has filled me with indescribable grief. The Han King of Changyi (Liu He) was deposed for crimes and made a commoner. This boy likewise should be buried with commoner's rites. Let all within and without know what he did. Master of Writing Wang Jing also behaved wickedly and rebelliously. Arrest him and his family and send them to the Commandant of Justice.”

On gengyin, Grand Tutor Sima Fu, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao), Grand Commandant Gao Rou, and Minister over the Masses Zheng Chong bowed and said: “We have respectfully read the palace command stating that the late Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) rebelled, brought disaster upon himself, and should be buried as a commoner under the precedent of the Han King of Changyi (Liu He), deposed for crime. Holding office, we failed to correct disorder or restrain wicked rebellion. Receiving the command, we tremble with grief. By the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, a king has no territory outside his realm; yet it records ‘King Xiang (Ji Zheng) went out to reside in Zheng,’ excluding him from his position because he could not serve his mother. The Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) acted lawlessly, nearly endangered the state, brought ruin upon himself, and was rejected by men and spirits. Burial as a commoner accords with precedent. Yet Your Highness's humanity and kindness are so great that, while preserving righteousness, you still show pity. We too cannot bear it. We suggest extending grace and burying him with a king's rites.” The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) agreed.

An envoy bearing credentials, Acting Central Protector of the Army and General of the Central Rampart Sima Yan, was sent north to receive the Duke of Changdao District (Cao Huang) as successor to Emperor Ming (Cao Rui). On xinmao, the high ministers memorialized the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo): “Your Highness's sage virtue brilliantly pacifies the whole realm, yet your pronouncements are still called ‘commands,’ as in a dependent kingdom. Henceforth let them be called ‘edicts’ and ‘ordinances,’ following earlier dynasties.”

On guimao, the General-in-Chief firmly declined the honors of Chancellor of State, Duke of Jin, and the Nine Bestowments. The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) decreed: “Not concealing merit is a great principle of the Changes of Zhou; fulfilling others' excellence was prized by ancient worthies. We now permit his refusal and release his memorial publicly to display his modest brilliance.” [Translator's note: The supplied text writes 大將車, apparently a textual error for 大將軍, ‘General-in-Chief.’]

On wushen, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) memorialized: “The Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) led his attendants and soldiers toward my quarters with drawn blades, bells, and drums. Fearing armed conflict, I immediately ordered the officers and soldiers to inflict no injury, on pain of military law. Cheng Ji, a crown prince's retainer and younger brother of Cavalry Commander Cheng Cui, rashly entered the battle line and wounded the duke, causing his death. I promptly arrested Cheng Ji for military punishment. I have heard that a minister must die rather than be disloyal and must not flee danger in serving his ruler. When the sudden crisis erupted like a released trigger, I truly wished to surrender myself and await death, submitting to whatever fate came. But the original plot threatened the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) and the ancestral temples. Entrusted with great responsibility, I was bound to protect the state; I feared that dying would only increase my guilt. I intended to follow the discretionary precedents of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan), securing the state in its crisis. I repeatedly ordered that no one approach the imperial carriage, but Cheng Ji abruptly entered the ranks and caused this catastrophe. Grief and anguish tear my heart apart. Where could I fall and die? Under the law, the parents, wives, children, and siblings of those committing great rebellion are all beheaded. Cheng Ji's violent rebellion offended the state and disrupted its order; no execution could suffice for his crime. I have ordered the Attending Censor to arrest his family and send them to the Commandant of Justice to determine their guilt.”

The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) decreed: “Among crimes subject to the Five Punishments, none exceeds unfilial conduct. Even an ordinary parent reports an unfilial son for punishment. How could this boy remain a ruler? As a woman, I do not comprehend the great principles; I had thought Cheng Ji could not simply be charged with great rebellion. But the General-in-Chief is earnest and his words deeply sorrowful, so I approve his memorial. Circulate this far and near, making the full circumstances known.”

In the sixth month, on guichou, an edict said: “Ancient rulers chose personal and courtesy names that were difficult to use inadvertently and easy to avoid as taboo. The Duke of Changdao District's (Cao Huang's) names are now extremely difficult to avoid. Let the court ministers discuss changing them and submit their proposals.”

The King of Chenliu (Cao Huan) had the personal name Huan and courtesy name Jingming. He was a grandson of Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) and son of the King of Yan (Cao Yu). In Ganlu 3 he was enfeoffed as Duke of Changdao District in Anci County. After the Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) died, the high ministers resolved to receive and enthrone him. In the sixth month, on jiayin, he entered Luoyang and met the Empress Dowager (Lady Guo). That day he ascended the imperial throne in Taiji Palace's front hall, proclaimed a general amnesty, changed the era name, and granted the people ranks, grain, and silk in differing amounts.

In summer, in the sixth month of Jingyuan 1, on bingchen, General-in-Chief King Wen (Sima Zhao) was advanced to Chancellor of State and Duke of Jin. His fief was increased by two commanderies to ten, and he received the Nine Bestowments exactly as previously decreed. His collateral kinsmen without marquisates were all made village marquises, and he was granted ten million coins and ten thousand bolts of silk. King Wen (Sima Zhao) firmly declined, and the matter was dropped. On jiwei, Lady Jie (Cao Jie), consort of the late Emperor Xian of Han (Liu Xie), died. The Emperor (Cao Huan) mourned her in Hualin Park and sent an envoy bearing credentials to grant her the posthumous title Empress Xianmu (Cao Jie). Her funeral carriages, garments, and institutions all followed Han precedents. On guihai, Right Supervisor of the Masters of Writing Wang Guan became Minister of Works. In winter, in the tenth month, Wang Guan died.

In the eleventh month, the King of Yan (Cao Yu) submitted congratulations on the winter solstice and called himself a subject. An edict said: “Ancient kings sometimes exempted certain people from subject status. Should the king not follow that principle and omit ‘subject’ from his memorials? A response must also be determined. One who succeeds to the great ancestral line lowers the standing of his private kin; how much more when the succession is so weighty! Yet treating him simply like an ordinary subject leaves me uneasy. Let everything follow the ritual texts, seeking the most appropriate arrangement.” Officials memorialized: “No ritual exceeds honoring ancestors, and no institution exceeds maintaining correct precedents. Your Majesty's virtue accords with the appointed time; you rule the myriad states, succeed to the great ancestral line, and exalt the foundation of the Three Ancestors <Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Rui>. The King of Yan (Cao Yu), an honored relative properly established as a regional prince, reverently practices respectful virtue as an example to the states. His adherence to correct institutions and complete obedience cannot be forbidden. The sage court should indeed honor him exceptionally and treat him with rites exempting him from ordinary subject status. After deliberation, we recommend permitting the King of Yan (Cao Yu) to use the former style in memorials. Palace edicts conveying friendly inquiries belong to the category of respectful private audiences. They may somewhat accommodate Your Majesty's reverence with a more respectful formula, avoiding direct address: ‘The Emperor respectfully inquires after the attendants of the Great King.’ Formal ordinances, however, are the state's established instruments for distinguishing public institutions and displaying regulations to the realm. They should follow the law, hence: ‘The Emperor decrees to the King of Yan (Cao Yu).’ Whenever edicts, ordinances, memorials, or petitions mention the King of Yan (Cao Yu), place his title at the top of the line. Except in matters concerning assistance at ancestral sacrifices, no one may use his personal name. Memorials, petitions, documents, officials, and commoners must all observe his name taboo, displaying extraordinary respect beyond that accorded other princes. This follows royal institutions honoring ancestry while accommodating Your Majesty's earnest reverence. Neither principle is compromised, and ritual approves. Announce and implement this everywhere.”

In the twelfth month, on jiashen, a yellow dragon appeared in a well in Huayin County. On jiawu, Colonel Director of Retainers Wang Xiang became Minister of Works.

On the first day of the fifth month in summer of the second year, the sun was eclipsed. In autumn, in the seventh month, the Han and Yemaek peoples beyond Lelang each led their dependents to court with tribute. In the eighth month, on wuyin, the King of Zhao (Cao Gan) died. On jiayin, the General-in-Chief was again ordered to accept advancement as Duke of Jin and Chancellor of State, with full ceremonial honors and bestowments exactly as previously decreed. He again firmly declined, and the matter was dropped.

In spring, in the second month of the third year, a blue dragon appeared in a well in Zhi County. In summer, in the fourth month, Liaodong Commandery reported that Sushen had sent envoys through successive interpreters, presenting thirty bows, each three chi five cun long; ku-wood arrows one chi eight cun long; three hundred stone arrowheads; twenty suits of armor combining leather, bone, and iron; and four hundred sable pelts. In winter, in the tenth month, Shu's chief general Jiang Wei invaded Taoyang. General Who Guards the West Deng Ai resisted and defeated him at Houhe, and Jiang Wei fled. That year, an edict ordered sacrifices to the late Army Libationer Guo Jia in the courtyard of the temple of Taizu (Cao Cao).

In spring, in the second month of the fourth year, the General-in-Chief was again ordered to accept the office, rank, and gifts specified in the earlier edict. He again firmly declined, and the matter was dropped.

In summer, in the fifth month, an edict said: “Shu is a tiny state with narrow territory and few people. Yet Jiang Wei cruelly exhausts its population and never abandons his ambitions. Despite last year's defeat, he cultivates fields at Tazhong, harshly exploits the Qiang, and imposes endless labor, beyond what the people can endure. Annexing the weak and attacking the benighted is sound military practice; compelling the enemy rather than being compelled is the strategist's highest method. Shu relies only on Jiang Wei. With him far from his base, victory will be easier. General Who Conquers the West Deng Ai shall command armies toward Gansong and Tazhong to surround and capture him. Yong Province Inspector Zhuge Xu shall lead armies toward Wudu and Gaolou, attacking him from front and rear. Once Jiang Wei is captured, advance from east and west and sweep away Ba and Shu.” General Who Guards the West Zhong Hui was also ordered to invade Shu through Luo Valley.

In autumn, in the ninth month, Grand Commandant Gao Rou died. In winter, in the tenth month, on jiayin, the General-in-Chief was again ordered to accept the office, rank, and gifts specified in the earlier edict. On guimao, Lady Bian was established as empress. In the eleventh month, a general amnesty was proclaimed.

From the time Deng Ai and Zhong Hui led their forces against Shu, they overcame resistance wherever they went. That month, Shu's ruler Liu Shan went to Deng Ai and surrendered, and Ba and Shu were completely pacified. In the twelfth month, on gengxu, Minister over the Masses Zheng Chong became Grand Guardian. On renzi, Yi Province was divided to create Liang Province. On guichou, a special amnesty was granted to the officials and people of Yi Province, and half their rents and taxes were remitted for five years. On yimao, General Who Conquers the West Deng Ai became Grand Commandant and General Who Guards the West Zhong Hui became Minister over the Masses. The Empress Dowager (Lady Guo) died.

In spring, in the first month of Xianxi 1, on renxu, Deng Ai was summoned in a caged carriage. On jiazi, the Emperor (Cao Huan) visited Chang'an. On renshen, an envoy was sent to sacrifice jade and silk at Mount Hua. That month, Zhong Hui rebelled in Shu and was killed by his troops; Deng Ai was also killed. In the second month, on xinmao, a special amnesty was granted to everyone in Yi territory. On gengshen, Empress Mingyuan (Lady Guo) <an imperial posthumous title> was buried. In the third month, on dingchou, Minister of Works Wang Xiang became Grand Commandant, General Who Conquers the North He Zeng became Minister over the Masses, and Left Supervisor of the Masters of Writing Xun Yi became Minister of Works. On jimao, the Duke of Jin (Sima Zhao) was advanced to king, with ten additional commanderies, making twenty in all.

On dinghai, Liu Shan was enfeoffed as Duke of Anle. In summer, in the fifth month, on gengshen, the Chancellor of State and King of Jin (Sima Zhao) proposed restoring the five ranks of nobility. On jiaxu, the era name was changed. On guiwei, Marquis Xuanwen of Wuyang (Sima Yi) was posthumously appointed King Xuan of Jin (Sima Yi), and Marquis Zhongwu of Wuyang (Sima Shi) was posthumously appointed King Jing of Jin (Sima Shi) <Jing, Reverent, is a posthumous royal title>. In the sixth month, General Who Guards the West Wei Guan reported that Yong Province soldiers had obtained a jade disk and jade seal in Chengdu County. The seal's inscription resembled the characters cheng xin, “accomplished trust.” Following King Cheng of Zhou's (Ji Song's) precedent of presenting grain, they were shown to the officials and stored in the Chancellor of State's headquarters.

After Shu's pacification, Wu invaders had encamped close to Yong'an. Armies from Jing and Yu provinces were sent to relieve it from coordinated positions. In the seventh month, the enemy all withdrew. In the eighth month, on gengyin, Central General Who Comforts the Army Sima Yan was ordered to assist in the Chancellor of State's affairs, following the principle behind the Duke of Lu's (Bo Qin's) succession after his father.

On guisi, an edict said: “The rebel minister Zhong Hui recently raised rebellion. Gathering the campaigning officers and soldiers, he coerced them by armed force, first revealing his treacherous plans and uttering arrogant, rebellious words, compelling everyone to issue written judgments. In the sudden crisis, all were terrified. The Chancellor of State's Left Army Major Xiahou He and Cavalry Section subordinate Zhu Fu were then on missions at Chengdu; the Central Army Commandant's Army Major Jia Fu and Gentleman of the Palace Yang Xiu were serving on Zhong Hui's military staff. Xiahou He, Yang Xiu, and Zhu Fu stood firm, rejected Zhong Hui's wicked words, disregarded danger, and spoke with righteous resolve. Jia Fu told Unattached General Wang Qi that ‘Zhong Hui is treacherous and brutal and intends to kill all the officers and soldiers,’ and that ‘the Chancellor of State has already led three hundred thousand men west to attack him,’ intending to magnify our strength and stir the men's determination. Wang Qi went out and relayed Jia Fu's words to the armies, greatly increasing their courage. Grant conspicuous honors to display loyalty. Advance Xiahou He and Jia Fu to district marquises, and Yang Xiu and Zhu Fu to Marquises within the Passes. Wang Qi's transmission of Jia Fu's words to the soldiers likewise deserves exceptional reward. Appoint him a unit general.”

On guimao, General of the Guards Sima Wang became General of Agile Cavalry. In the ninth month, on wuwu, Central General Who Comforts the Army Sima Yan became General-in-Chief Who Comforts the Army.

On xinwei, an edict said: “The Wu enemy's government and punishments are cruel, its taxes limitless. Sun Xiu sent the envoy Deng Ju to order the Administrator of Jiaozhi to send its people in chains for military service. Wu general Lü Xing, following the people's anger and learning that the royal armies had pacified Ba and Shu, gathered outstanding men, killed Deng Ju and his associates, expelled the administrator and senior officials, and reconciled officials and people while awaiting our commands. Hearing that Lü Xing had left rebellion for obedience, Jiuzhen and Rinan commanderies responded together and joined him. Lü Xing wrote to the provincial and commandery authorities in Rinan, explaining his great plan; his troops approached Hepu, warning of disaster and blessing. He sent Commandant Tang Pu and others to Jincheng County and submitted his case through Huo Yi, Commander-in-Chief and Protector of the Army in Nanzhong. Jiaozhi's officers and officials also memorialized: ‘Lü Xing founded this enterprise, and all obey him. Mountain raiders in the commandery have connections with other commanderies; fearing differing plans, people are wavering. As an expedient, we have made Lü Xing Commander of All Military Affairs in Jiaozhi, Supreme General-in-Chief, and Marquis of Ding'an County. Please grant recognition to comfort the distant frontier.’ Their sincere loyalty is evident in their words. Formerly, Yifu's attendance at Lu was praised by the Spring and Autumn Annals, and Dou Rong's submission to Han received exceptional treatment. Our state's power now reaches afar, cherishing the whole realm and preparing to unite distant peoples. Lü Xing first turned toward royal influence, brought his followers to submission, proclaimed loyalty from ten thousand li away, and requested officials and commanders. He deserves favor and advancement. This will both gratify his loyalty and encourage distant peoples to follow. Appoint Lü Xing Bearer of Credentials, Commander of All Military Affairs in Jiao Province, General-in-Chief of Nanzhong, and Marquis of Ding'an County, empowered to act expediently and report afterward.” Before the investiture reached him, Lü Xing was killed by a subordinate.

In winter, in the tenth month, on dinghai, an edict said: “Former sage emperors and enlightened kings quelled disorder and saved the age, preserving greatness and establishing achievement. Civil and martial methods differ, but their glorious result is one. Some danced with shields and axes to instruct the disobedient; others displayed armies to overawe the violent and arrogant. Yet loving the people, preserving states, and benefiting all living beings required first cultivating civil instruction and showing proper standards. Arms were used only when unavoidable: all rulers of flourishing virtue shared this principle. When late Han fragmented and the realm collapsed, Liu Bei and Sun Quan seized the opportunity to cause trouble. The Three Ancestors <Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Rui> labored constantly to pacify central China, leaving remnant enemies usurping power for generations. Thanks to the ancestral spirits and our loyal, martial chief minister, forces were raised throughout the realm and Yong and Shu were conquered in a single expedition, in less than a season. Recently, the lands beyond the Yangzi have declined, their government and punishments fallen into darkness. With Ba and Han pacified, they stand isolated and unsupported; Jiao, Jing, Yang, and Yue bend toward our influence. Lü Xing, a general falsely appointed by Jiaozhi's regime, has led three commanderies to submit from ten thousand li away. Xiang Yan and other local marquises of Wuling have gathered five counties and asked to become subjects. Mountain people of Yuzhang and Luling have risen against Wu, using the title General Who Assists the North. Sun Xiu has died of illness; the ruler and commanders have changed, the state is divided, and people harbor separate intentions. Shi Ji, a celebrated minister of the enemy's false regime, lives under suspicion and is deeply mistrusted. Followers rebel and relatives depart; none is firmly committed. Never has any state's doom been so clearly signaled. If the six armies display their might and approach the Yangzi and Han from the north, the Wu and Kuaiji regions will surely support their old and lead their young to welcome the royal armies. Yet mobilizing a great host still entails toil and expense. Proclaim our authority and virtue, reveal humanity and trust, and show the benefit of harmonious submission. The Chancellor of State's Military Adviser Xu Shao and Waterways Section Clerk Sun Yu were both captured at Shouchun. Xu Shao was formerly the enemy's Nanling commander, capable and broad-minded; Sun Yu is a kinsman of Sun Quan, loyal, good, and perceptive. Send Xu Shao south, with Sun Yu as deputy, to proclaim our commands and instruct the people of Wu. Tell them only facts. If they awaken, it will not harm our plans for conquest; victory through prior deliberation has been the ancient way. Appoint Xu Shao Acting Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, additionally Commandant of Attendant Carriages, and Marquis of the Capital Village; appoint Sun Yu Acting Court Attendant and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, with the title Marquis within the Passes. All concubines and male and female household members granted to Xu Shao and the others who remain here may accompany them, displaying our generosity. They need not be made to return, thus demonstrating the breadth of our trust.”

On bingwu, General-in-Chief Who Comforts the Army and Marquis of Xinchang District Sima Yan was appointed heir to Jin. That year, agricultural-colony offices were abolished to equalize government service obligations. Agricultural supervisors became commandery administrators, and agricultural commandants became county magistrates or chiefs. People of Shu willing to move inland were recruited, provided two years' grain, and exempted from taxes and service for twenty years. Anmi and Fulu counties each reported auspicious grain.

In spring, in the second month of the second year, on jiachen, Quren County obtained an auspicious tortoise and presented it; it was sent to the Chancellor of State's headquarters. On gengxu, Tiger Guard Zhang Xiu's younger brother Zhang Yi was granted the title Marquis within the Passes. Zhang Xiu had formerly ridden among the camps at Chengdu announcing Zhong Hui's rebellion and had died as a result. In summer, in the fourth month, Nanshenze County reported sweet dew. Wu sent Ji Zhi and Hong Qiu to seek peace.

In the fifth month, an edict said: “The Chancellor of State and King of Jin (Sima Zhao) spreads divine wisdom over the four seas. His brilliant military achievements overawe distant lands, and his transforming influence reaches everywhere. Pitying the lands beyond the Yangzi, he seeks to preserve and nourish them, restraining arms and honoring humanity, displaying authority and virtue. Receiving his proclamation, they admire his influence and send envoys with offerings to demonstrate submission, gladly presenting local treasures and delicate rarities. Yet the king, in utmost modesty, has inventoried and forwarded them all. This does not comfort those newly submitting or satisfy their sincere wishes. Return to the king everything Sun Hao has presented, according with ancient principle.” The King of Jin (Sima Zhao) firmly declined, and the matter was dropped. He was further authorized a ceremonial crown with twelve pendants, the Son of Heaven's banners, warnings on departure and clearance of the way on entry, a gold-root carriage drawn by six horses, the full set of subsidiary carriages for the five seasons, maotou and yunhan standards, eight rows of ritual dancers, and bells hung on stands around all four sides. His consort was advanced to queen and his heir to crown prince; the titles of his sons, daughters, and grandsons followed established ceremonial forms. On guiwei, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In autumn, in the eighth month, on xinmao, the Chancellor of State and King of Jin (Sima Zhao) died. On renchen, Jin's crown prince Sima Yan inherited the fief and position and assumed charge of all affairs, with ceremonial objects and investiture documents exactly as before. That month, Xiangwu County reported a giant more than three zhang tall, with footprints three chi two cun long, white hair, a yellow unlined robe, yellow headcloth, and a staff. He called to the commoner Wang Shi and said, “Great peace is now at hand.” In the ninth month, on yiwei, a general amnesty was proclaimed. On wuwu, Minister over the Masses He Zeng became Jin's chief minister. On guihai, General of Agile Cavalry Sima Wang became Minister over the Masses, General-in-Chief Who Conquers the East Shi Bao became General of Agile Cavalry, and General-in-Chief Who Conquers the South Chen Qian became General of Chariots and Cavalry. On yihai, King Wen of Jin (Sima Zhao) was buried. In the intercalary month, on gengchen, Kangju and Dayuan presented celebrated horses. They were sent to the Chancellor of State's headquarters to display his achievement in winning distant states.

In the twelfth month, on renxu, Heaven's favor came forever to an end for Wei, and the appointed succession rested with Jin. An edict ordered the high ministers and officers to prepare ceremonies and erect an altar in the southern suburbs. Envoys were to carry the imperial seal, ribbon, and investiture document and transfer the throne to Jin's succeeding king (Sima Yan), following the Han–Wei precedent. On jiazi, an envoy carried the document. The Emperor (Cao Huan) moved his residence to Jinyong Fortress and eventually resided at Ye. He was then twenty.

The appraisal says: In antiquity, the realm was held for the common good and bestowed only on the worthy. Later generations inherited the throne, establishing sons according to legitimate descent. If the legitimate line failed, a collateral relative of manifest virtue should be chosen, as with Emperor Wen of Han (Liu Heng) and Emperor Xuan of Han (Liu Xun). This is an unchanging standard. Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) could not follow it. Bound by private affection, he raised an infant and entrusted him with the imperial dignity. Nor did he place the regency in undivided hands, insisting that a collateral kinsman participate. This ended in Cao Shuang's extermination and the King of Qi's (Cao Fang's) deposition. The Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) showed early intelligence, loved questioning and literary expression, and possessed something of Emperor Wen (Cao Pi)'s cultivated spirit. Yet rashness and unrestrained anger led him into catastrophe. The King of Chenliu (Cao Huan) reverently occupied the throne while his chief minister governed. Following former precedent, he yielded through abdication and thus enjoyed enfeoffment in a great kingdom as Jin's honored guest. Compared with the Duke of Shanyang (Liu Xie), his rank and honors were even greater.