VOLUME 61 · ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Book of Wu · Biographies of Pan Jun, Lu Kai, and Lu Yin

By Chen Shou · With source commentary

Pan Jun, courtesy name Chengming, was from Hanshou in Wuling. At about twenty he studied under Song Zhongzi (Song Zhong).

Before thirty, Governor of Jing Province Liu Biao recruited him as Attending Officer supervising Jiangxia. Shaxian's chief was corrupt and undisciplined. Jun investigated and executed him, alarming the commandery. Later as Magistrate of Xiangxiang he won much administrative distinction. When Liu Bei governed Jing Province, he made Jun Attending Officer for Internal Administration. Entering Shu, Bei left him in charge of provincial affairs.

Sun Quan killed Guan Yu and annexed Jing's territory, appointing Jun Gentleman-General Who Assists the Army and giving him troops.

Commentary<The Account of the Lands beyond the Yangzi says: When Quan conquered Jing Province, all officers submitted except Jun, who pleaded illness and refused an audience. Quan had a bed carried to his home and brought him on it. Jun lay facedown, would not rise, and wept uncontrollably. Quan consoled him, calling his courtesy name: “Chengming, Guan Dingfu was a captive of Ruo, yet King Wu (Xiong Tong) <a Chu royal title> made him army commander; Peng Zhongshuang was a captive of Shen, yet King Wen (Xiong Zi) <a Chu royal title> made him chief minister. These were earlier worthies of your Jing country. Though initially prisoners, they were later promoted and became famous ministers of Chu. Why do you alone refuse to bend your intention? Do you think my capacity differs from the ancients'?” He had attendants wipe Jun's face. Jun rose, descended to the ground, bowed, and apologized. Quan immediately made him Officer for Internal Administration, consulting him in all Jing Province military affairs. Fan Zhou, Attending Officer for Wuling, enticed the native peoples, intending to attach Wuling to Liu Bei. Others proposed a commander with ten thousand men against him. Quan refused and specially consulted Jun, who said five thousand would suffice. Asked why he thought so little of Zhou, Jun said: “He belongs to an old Nanyang family and can manipulate his lips, but has no real capacity for reasoned argument. Once he gave a banquet for provincial men; by noon no food had appeared, though he had got up over ten times. This is like judging a dwarf from one joint: a small sign reveals the whole.” Quan laughed and accepted it, sending Jun with five thousand men. He indeed beheaded Zhou and pacified the rising.>

He became General Who Rouses Awe and Marquis of Changqian Village.

Commentary<The History of Wu says: After Rui Xuan died, Jun also received his troops and stationed at Xiakou. Xuan, courtesy name Wenbiao, was from Danyang. His father Rui Zhi, courtesy name Xuansi, rendered service in Sun Jian's campaigns. Jian recommended him as Administrator of Jiujiang, later transferred to Wu Commandery, gaining a good reputation wherever posted. Xuan's elder brother Rui Liang, courtesy name Wenluan, helped Sun Ce pacify Jiangdong and became Eastern Commandant of Kuaiji. On Liang's death Xuan received his troops, became Gentleman-General Who Rouses Martial Might, and earned the marquisate of Liyang. When Quan sought a worthy bride for his son Sun Deng, the ministers all praised Xuan's family: father Zhi and elder brother Liang had distinguished three generations through virtue, duty, and civil and military ability. Deng therefore married Xuan's daughter. Xuan died in Huangwu's fifth year, deeply mourned by Quan.>

On Quan's imperial accession Jun became Minister Steward and advanced to Marquis of Liuyang.

Jun became Minister of Ceremonies. The Five Streams peoples rebelled and united. Quan gave Jun a tally and command of the armies against them. Rewards were trustworthy and punishments inevitable; the law could not be infringed. Those beheaded and captured numbered tens of thousands. Thereafter the native groups weakened and the region became peaceful.

Commentary<The History of Wu says: General of Agile Cavalry Bu Zhi, stationed at Oukou, requested recruitment in the commanderies to enlarge his army. Quan consulted Jun, who said: “Powerful generals among the people exhaust and disturb them. Zhi moreover has reputation and influence, so local officials will flatter him. Do not permit it.” Quan agreed. Gentleman-General Xu Zong of Yuzhang was a renowned scholar who had visited the capital and befriended Kong Rong. Yet as a scholar he affected unconventional behavior, allowed his men excessive freedom, ignored commands, and lagged behind the army. Jun executed him. Such was his enforcement of law without fear of private criticism. Yin Fan, a surrendered man titled Returning to Righteousness, charmed heroic men with eloquence. Jun's son Pan Zhu associated with him and sent provisions. Jun angrily wrote: “I have received the state's great kindness and mean to repay it with my life. You at the capital should practice respectful obedience, approach the worthy, and admire goodness. Why associate with a surrendered captive and feed him? Hearing this far away, my heart shakes and face burns; I have grieved for weeks. On receiving this, immediately submit to the messenger for a hundred strokes and recover the provisions.” Everyone thought Jun strange, but Fan later plotted rebellion and was exterminated; all then admired Jun. The Account of the Lands beyond the Yangzi says: Jun's maternal cousin Jiang Wan of Lingling was Shu's General-in-Chief. Someone slandered Jun to Administrator of Wuling Wei Jing, saying he secretly communicated with Wan and intended to seek refuge there. Jing reported it to Quan. Quan said: “Chengming would not do this.” He sealed Jing's memorial and showed it to Jun, recalling and dismissing Jing.>

Earlier Jun and Lu Xun had shared Wuchang and managed affairs left there; Jun returned to this arrangement. Inspector Lü Yi manipulated authority and investigated Chancellor Gu Yong, General of the Left Zhu Ju, and others, all placing them under restraint. Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate Xie Hong asked Yi about Yong. Yi answered: “It cannot turn out well.” Hong asked who would replace him if dismissed. Before Yi answered, Hong said: “Might it be Minister of Ceremonies Pan Jun?” After a pause Yi said: “You are close.” Hong said: “Pan Jun constantly gnashes his teeth at you; only distance prevents action. If he replaces Lord Gu (Gu Yong) today, I fear he will attack you tomorrow.” Terrified, Yi dropped Yong's case. Jun requested an audience and came to Jianye intending the strongest remonstrance. On arrival he heard Crown Prince Sun Deng had repeatedly spoken without success. Jun then invited all the officials to a great feast, intending to kill Yi with his own blade during it and bear the consequences himself, removing the state's affliction. Yi secretly heard and pleaded illness. At every audience Jun exposed Yi's treachery. Yi's favor gradually declined and he was eventually executed. Quan blamed himself and reproached the ministers, as recorded in Quan's biography.

In Chiwu's second year Jun died and his son Zhu inherited. Jun's daughter married Marquis of Jianchang (Sun Lü) <a princely fief title>.

Lu Kai, courtesy name Jingfeng, was from Wu in Wu Commandery and a junior clansman of Chancellor Lu Xun. At the beginning of Huangwu he was Chief of Yongxing and Zhuji, leaving administrative achievements in both. Appointed Commandant Who Establishes Martial Prowess, he commanded troops but never put down his books. He loved the Supreme Mystery, expounded its ideas, and divined by it with repeated accuracy. During Chiwu he became Administrator of Dan'er and earned distinction attacking Zhuya, then became Colonel Who Establishes Martial Prowess. In Wufeng's second year he defeated and beheaded the mountain rebel Chen Bi in Lingling, became Commander of Baqiu and Lieutenant General, and was made Marquis of Duxiang. Transferred to Wuchang's Right Divisional Command, he joined the generals sent to Shouchun. Returning, he successively became General Who Sweeps Away Wei and General Who Pacifies the Distant. Sun Xiu's accession brought General Who Campaigns against the North, a tally, and nominal charge as Governor of Yu Province. Sun Hao's accession brought Grand General Who Guards the West, commander-in-chief at Baqiu, concurrent Governor of Jing Province, and Marquis of Jiaxing. When Hao made peace with Jin, envoy Ding Zhong returned from the north proposing a surprise attack on Yiyang. Kai stopped it by remonstrance, as recorded in Hao's biography. In Baoding's first year he became Left Chancellor.

Hao disliked people looking at him. When ministers attended him, none dared raise his gaze. Kai said: “Ruler and ministers cannot fail to recognize one another. If something unexpected occurs, we would not know where to go.” Hao allowed Kai to look directly at him.

Hao had moved the capital to Wuchang. Yang's people suffered from transporting supplies upstream; government was also full of mistakes and the common people destitute. Kai memorialized:

“I have heard that a ruler possessing the Way uses pleasure to delight his people; a ruler without it delights only himself. One who delights the people enjoys lasting happiness; one who delights himself soon perishes. The people are the state's root: value their food and cherish their lives. Their safety is the ruler's safety, their joy his joy. In recent years your authority has been injured by conduct like Jie and Zhou, your understanding darkened by crafty strongmen, your kindness blocked by wicked factions. Without natural disaster lives are exhausted; without useful undertaking the treasury is empty. Innocents are punished and the undeserving rewarded, causing your errors and Heaven's ominous responses. Yet ministers flatter you for favor and exploit people for wealth, guiding you into injustice and corrupting government through depraved customs. This pains my heart. Neighboring states are friendly and all borders quiet. Rest laborers, nourish soldiers, fill granaries and stores, and await Heaven's time. Instead you unsettle Heaven's heart and disturb the multitude, leaving people insecure and great and small lamenting. This is no art of preserving state and people. Fortune and disaster in Heaven follow like shadow from form and echo from sound. Movement moves the shadow; stillness stills it. Their proportions have real causes, not changes made by speech. Qin lost the realm because rewards were slight, punishments heavy, government and penalties disordered, popular strength exhausted by luxury, eyes dazzled by beauty, minds muddied by treasures. Wicked ministers held office and worthy men hid; the people trembled and the realm suffered. Thus nest and eggs were destroyed together. Han grew strong through sincere conduct, accepting remonstrance and worthies, extending kindness to firewood carriers, personally inviting cave recluses, and gathering broad counsel. These are clear historical proofs. At Han's decline three houses stood like a tripod. Cao lost governing order and Jin took its power. Yi Province also had difficult defenses and many picked troops: closed gates and firm defense could have secured it for ages. Yet the Liu family's confused exactions and misplaced rewards and punishments let the ruler indulge luxury and exhausted people on unurgent works. Jin attacked, capturing ruler and ministers: clear evidence before our eyes. I am ignorant of great principles, unable to express duty adequately, and shallow in wisdom. I have no further hope, but grieve for Your Majesty's realm. I respectfully report what eyes and ears perceive, the people's vexations and disordered punishment and government. Stop great projects, reduce labor, practice generosity, and discard harsh rule. Wuchang's terrain is dangerous and barren, unfit as a royal capital for securing the state and nourishing people. Boats sink or drift from its moorings; land dwellings stand steep and dangerous. Children's rhymes say: ‘Better drink Jianye's water than eat Wuchang's fish; better return to Jianye and die than remain at Wuchang.’ I have heard the Wings lodge's changes, Mars's anomalies, and children's rhymes arise from Heaven's heart. To compare peaceful residence there with death makes Heaven's will clear and shows the people's suffering. A state without three years' reserves is called no state, yet now we lack even one year's stock. This is the ministers' responsibility. They stand above others and transmit stipends to descendants, yet have neither devotion unto death nor methods of rescue. They present petty gains to flatter the ruler, poisoning people rather than planning for him. Since Sun Hong raised the so-called righteous troops <the supplied phrase 造義兵 is unusual and requires textual review>, cultivation has ceased and localities supply no revenues. Fathers and sons of one household are separated into different services; grain consumption rises daily while reserves diminish. People resent separation, and the state's roots gradually lie exposed, yet none cares. Exhausted people sell their children. Successive taxes wear them down; local senior officials offer no examination or relief, and supervisory officials add demands. Without loving the people they display power, disturbing and harassing everywhere. People suffer from both sides, their resources consumed twice: harm without benefit. Put an end to these men and pity the weak and orphaned, reassuring the people's hearts. Like fish and turtles escaping a poisonous pool, birds and beasts leaving nets, people from all quarters will arrive carrying children. Then the people can be preserved and the former king's state endure. The five sounds dull hearing and the five colors dim sight: they do not aid government but injure affairs. Under the late emperor (Sun Quan), palace women and weavers numbered fewer than a hundred; grain accumulated and wealth was abundant. After his death the young ruler Sun Liang and Emperor Jing (Sun Xiu) changed to extravagance, abandoning his course. I hear the weavers and other dependents now number thousands. Their production cannot enrich the state, yet they consume palace grain year after year without benefit. Assess and release them for marriage to unmarried men. Heaven and Earth will approve, to the realm's great fortune. Tang of Yin selected men among merchants, Duke Huan of Qi (Jiang Xiaobai) among cart drivers, King Wu of Zhou (Ji Fa) among firewood carriers, and great Han among slaves. Enlightened rulers chose worthiness without regard to humble birth. Thus their achievements overflowed and names endured in records; they did not choose good looks, fine dress, glib tongues, or pleasing flattery. Your present favored inner ministers are unsuited to their positions and exceed their capacities. Unable to assist state or age, they support factions, harm the loyal, and hide the worthy. Select civil and military servants to attend their offices; governors and commanders to defend outer regions; high ministers and Masters of Writing to cultivate humane transformation, assist Your Majesty above, and rescue the common people below. Let each fulfill loyalty and supply even one part in ten thousand of what is lacking. Then songs of prosperity will arise and the order of unused punishments become clear. Attend to your foolish servant's words.”

Ranked Palace General He Ding was then a clever flatterer enjoying favor and responsibility. Kai reproached him to his face: “Have you seen servants who disloyally overturned government end their lives naturally? Why specialize in wicked flattery, polluting the ruler's hearing? Reform yourself, or an unpredictable calamity awaits you.” Ding hated Kai and planned to harm him. Kai never cared, keeping his heart on the public good, righteousness visible in his expression. His memorials addressed facts without ornament, their loyal earnestness arising within.

In Jianheng's first year Kai fell ill. Hao sent Director of the Secretariat Dong Chao to ask his final counsel. Kai said: “He Ding must not be employed. Give him an outside post rather than entrust state affairs. Xi Xi, a petty official, proposes Puli fields, reviving Yan Mi's former undertaking: do not permit it. Yao Xin, Lou Xuan, He Shao, Zhang Ti, Guo Chuo, Xue Ying, Teng Xiu, and my younger clansmen Lu Xi and Lu Kang are either pure, loyal, and diligent or exceptionally talented. They are the state's pillars and good assistants. Attend carefully to them, consult present affairs, and let them fulfill loyalty and supply omissions.” He then died aged seventy-two.

His son Lu Yi (禕) first became Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, went out to command troops as Lieutenant General, and after Kai's death entered as Palace Gentleman to the Crown Prince. Right State Historian Hua He recommended him: “Yi is upright and firm, strong in capacity. Lu Su did not surpass his command ability. When recalled downstream to the capital by way of Wuchang, he never turned back or took any weapons or military supplies. Resolute in arms, restrained before wealth, he is suited to Xiakou, a critical approach for the enemy requiring a famous general. I can think of none better.”

Hao had always resented Kai's repeated blunt contradictions, compounded by He Ding's slanders. Because Kai was a great minister he was difficult to punish by law; Lu Kang was also a great frontier commander, so Hao calculatedly tolerated him. After Kang's death he finally exiled Kai's family to Jian'an. Some say that in Baoding's first year, in the twelfth month, Kai conspired with Grand Marshal Ding Feng and Censor-in-Chief Ding Gu to depose Hao during his temple visit and install Sun Xiu's son. General of the Left Liu Ping commanded the advance guard; secretly approached, he refused but swore not to reveal it. Thus the plan failed. Astrologer Chen Miao reported that prolonged darkness without rain and contrary winds indicated conspiracy, deeply alarming Hao.

I obtained twenty remonstrances attributed to Kai from successive travelers from Jing and Yang. Questioning Wu people widely, most said they had never heard of such a memorial. Its wording is moreover exceptionally blunt, seemingly beyond Hao's tolerance. Some think Kai kept it in a chest, not daring to circulate it, and handed it to Dong Chao only when desperately ill and asked for final counsel. Truth and falsehood are difficult to establish, so I have not incorporated it into the main account. Yet its criticism of Hao provides warnings for posterity, so I copy it alongside Kai's biography below.

Hao sent his intimate Zhao Qin with an oral edict answering Kai's earlier memorial: “Every action of mine follows the late emperor (Sun Quan). What is wrong? Your remonstrance is mistaken. Jianye Palace is inauspicious, so I avoid it, while the western palace is decayed. We must plan another capital. Why should we not move?” Kai memorialized:

“Since Your Majesty took power, yin and yang have been unbalanced, the five planets have lost their proper courses, officers have been disloyal, and wicked factions have supported one another. This results from your failure to follow the late emperor (Sun Quan).

“A king's rise receives Heaven's mandate and is sustained by virtue. How can it depend on a palace? Yet without consulting your chief ministers you eagerly drove the six armies into displacement, grief, and fear, offending Heaven and Earth, which answered with disasters and children's rhymes. Even if your own person is safe, how can you govern through popular distress and toil? This is your first failure to follow the late emperor (Sun Quan). I have heard that a state's foundation is worthy men. Xia killed Guan Longfeng, while Yin obtained Yi Zhi (Yi Yin): clear ancient evidence and models for today. Central Regular Attendant Wang Fan was inwardly balanced and understood principle, loyal and outspoken at court, a pillar of the state and great Wu's Guan Longfeng. Yet angered by bitter words and direct replies, you beheaded him in the hall and abandoned his body. The country grieved and the discerning mourned, all thinking Wu's Fuchai had returned. The late emperor (Sun Quan) cherished worthies; you reverse him. This is the second failure. The chief minister is the state's pillar and must be strong. Han had Xiao He and Cao Shen, the late emperor (Sun Quan) Gu Yong and Bu Zhi. Wan Yu has petty talent and commonplace substance. Rising from a household servant into the purple gates already enriched him beyond his capacity. Yet you cherish his trifling merits without examining the greater purpose, honor him as august assistant, and place him above veteran ministers. Worthy men grieve and intelligent men gasp: the third failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) loved the people more than infants. He married women to men without wives, gave silk to the thinly clad, and buried uncollected bones. You reverse him: the fourth failure. Jie and Zhou perished through bewitching women; King You (Ji Gongsheng) and King Li (Ji Hu) <Zhou royal titles> fell into disorder through favorites. The late emperor (Sun Quan) took warning, keeping no depraved beauties around him or idle accumulation of women in the inner palace. Now women number in the tens of thousands within, yet do not all serve as consorts; outside men are wifeless while women lament within. Irregular wind and rain arise from this: the fifth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) labored over all affairs and still feared omissions. Since accession you play in the inner palace, bewitched by women, leaving many duties vacant and junior officials free for wrongdoing: the sixth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) esteemed simplicity. His dress was not wholly sumptuous, his palace had no lofty terraces, and objects lacked carved decoration. State and people were prosperous and theft did not arise. You requisition from provinces and commanderies, exhaust popular wealth and strength, clothe gentlemen in richly colored garments, and adorn palaces in vermilion and purple: the seventh failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) relied outside on Gu Yong, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, and Zhang Zhao, and inside on Hu Zong and Xue Zong. Thus achievements flourished and the state was orderly. Now neither outer appointments nor inner servants are suitable. Chen Sheng and Cao Fu are petty men of narrow capacity, rejected by the late emperor (Sun Quan), yet favored by you: the eighth failure. At banquets the late emperor (Sun Quan) reduced strong wine, so ministers spent the day without discourtesy and all officials could state their views. You constrain them with rules of respectful gaze and frighten them over unfinished wine. Wine completes ritual, but excess ruins virtue. This differs little from Shang Xin (King Zhou of Shang)'s drinking through the long night: the ninth failure. Emperors Huan (Liu Zhi) and Ling (Liu Hong) of Han drew close to eunuchs and gravely lost popular support. Gao Tong, Zhan Lian, and Yang Du are petty eunuchs, yet you reward them with high titles and armed forces. If alarms rise along the Yangzi, their martial ability plainly cannot resist insult: the tenth failure. Though palace women accumulate unused, eunuchs still scour provinces and commanderies registering commoners' daughters. Money wins exemption; poverty means seizure. Lamentations fill roads, mothers and children part as in death: the eleventh failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) also raised princes and crown princes. When taking a wet nurse, he exempted her husband from service, gave money and provisions, and periodically let her return to see her infants. Now spouses are separated while alive, the husband still labors, the child later dies, and the household empties: the twelfth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) sighed: ‘A state rests on the people; the people take food as Heaven, with clothing next. I keep all three in my heart.’ Now farming and sericulture are both abandoned: the thirteenth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) selected gentlemen without excluding low birth, entrusted them locally, and tested them in affairs. Recommendations were genuine and appointments not reckless. Now the showy rise and factions advance: the fourteenth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) exempted fighting soldiers from other labor. In spring they knew only farming, in autumn harvesting rice; when the Yangzi faced danger, he demanded their utmost service. Today's soldiers perform many labors and lack sufficient stipends and grain: the fifteenth failure. Rewards encourage achievement and punishments prevent evil. If wrongly applied, soldiers and people disperse. Frontier soldiers now receive no mourning when dead and no reward for toil: the sixteenth failure. Local supervisors overwhelm the people with vexations, while palace envoys add disruption. Ten officials to one commoner: how can commands be borne? Jiaozhi's revolt under Emperor Jing (Sun Xiu) arose precisely from this. You follow his fault rather than the late emperor (Sun Quan): the seventeenth failure. Inspectors of affairs are enemies of officials and people. Though the late emperor (Sun Quan)'s final years had Lü Yi and Qian Qin, both were soon exterminated to appease the people. Now you reestablish investigative bureaus and encourage accusations: the eighteenth failure. Under the late emperor (Sun Quan), officeholders remained long before their achievements were assessed for promotion or dismissal. Now provincial and county officials are recalled and transferred almost upon arrival. Welcoming new and sending off old fills the roads in confusion, wasting wealth and harming people severely: the nineteenth failure. The late emperor (Sun Quan) always carefully examined memorials concluding legal investigations. Thus prisons held no unjustly confined men and the condemned had no suppressed complaint <the supplied phrase 死者吞聲 is difficult in this context; its precise force requires review>. You reverse this: the twentieth failure. If my words deserve record, preserve them in the archive of covenants. If false, punish my crime. May Your Majesty attend to them.”

Lu Yin, courtesy name Jingzong, was Kai's younger brother. He first served as censor and gentleman of the Selection Bureau of the Masters of Writing. Crown Prince Sun He heard his reputation and treated him with special courtesy. When Quan Ji, Yang Zhu, and others attached themselves to King of Lu (Sun Ba) <a royal fief title>, competed with He, and secretly slandered one another, Yin was arrested and imprisoned. He suffered every torture but made no other statement.

Commentary<The Records of Wu says: The crown prince feared deposition, while King of Lu (Sun Ba) increasingly coveted his place. Quan once dismissed attendants and discussed Ba's talent with Yang Zhu. Zhu strongly praised Ba's civil and martial gifts and urged making him principal heir. Quan agreed. An attendant hidden beneath the bed heard everything and told the crown prince. Yin was about to go to Wuchang and came to say farewell. The crown prince would not receive him openly, but came disguised to his carriage and secretly asked him to have Lu Xun remonstrate. Xun subsequently submitted a forceful memorial. Quan suspected Zhu of leaking the conversation. Zhu denied it. Ordered to discover the source, he reported that only Yin had recently gone west and must have told it. Quan asked Xun how he knew; Xun said Yin had reported it. Summoned and interrogated, Yin concealed the crown prince's involvement: “Yang Zhu told me.” They were tried together. Unable to bear torture, Zhu confessed to having said it. Quan, who had suspected him, regarded the confession as confirmation and beheaded him.>

Yin later became Army-Supervising Commandant of Hengyang. In Chiwu's eleventh year native rebels in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen captured towns, disturbing Jiao's region. Yin became Inspector of Jiao Province and Colonel Who Pacifies the South. Entering its southern border, he explained kindness and trust and concentrated on winning submission. Huang Wu, a Gaoliang leader, and more than three thousand affiliated households surrendered. Advancing south, he repeatedly proclaimed his utmost sincerity and gave wealth and cloth. More than a hundred rebel leaders and over fifty thousand households, however deeply secluded and unruly, all bowed. Jiao's territory became peaceful. Yin was additionally made General Who Pacifies the South. He again defeated rebels at Jianling in Cangwu, obtaining more than eight thousand soldiers over successive expeditions for army service.

In Yong'an's first year he was recalled as Commander of Xiling and made Marquis of Duting, later transferred to Left Hulin. Deputy Director of the Secretariat Hua He recommended him:

“Yin is naturally bright and intelligent, talented and pure in conduct. His service in the Selection Bureau left a memorable record. Later in Jiao Province he proclaimed the court's grace, bringing refugees to allegiance and pacifying the sea's corner. Cangwu and Nanhai annually suffered customary violent winds and miasmas: winds broke trees, flew sand, and rolled stones, while vapors gathered so densely birds could not pass. Since Yin arrived, winds and vapors ceased, merchants traveled peacefully, people escaped epidemics, and crops were abundant. The provincial seat faces the sea and its waters grow salty in autumn; Yin stored fresh water, giving people sweet drinking water. His kindly influence spread, moving men and spirits, and with Heaven's majesty he gathered the scattered. When ordered to leave, people, grateful for his kindness, forgot attachment to their soil, carrying elders and children to follow willingly. None wavered, and no armed guards were needed. Other generals gather people through force; none has bound them with kindness and trust as Yin has. For more than ten years in the province he dealt with peoples of different customs amid sources of precious curios, yet kept no painted, pearl-adorned concubines within or ornate armor, rhinoceros horn, and ivory treasures at home. Few present ministers compare. He belongs at the capital as a strong limb of the royal house, helping create the prosperous praise of Tang and Yu. The Yangzi command is too slight to exhaust his talent; many can command Hulin. Recall him to the capital and honor him with high office, and Heaven's tasks will be fulfilled and all achievements flourish.”

Yin died <the supplied text writes 率 here, apparently for 卒>, and his son Lu Shi succeeded. He became Commander of Chaisang and General Who Displays Martial Might. In Tiance's first year he and his elder cousin Lu Yi (禕) were exiled to Jian'an. In Tianji's second year he was recalled to Jianye and restored as general and marquis.

Appraisal: Pan Jun was public-spirited, pure, and decisive <the supplied wording 害斷 appears irregular>; Lu Kai loyal, forceful, and straightforward. Both possessed unyielding integrity and a great man's character and accomplishments. Yin remained personally pure and successfully handled affairs, becoming renowned in the south: he may be called a good provincial governor.