Book of Wei · Biographies of Huan Jie, Chen Qun, Chen Jiao, Xu Xuan, Wei Zhen, and Lu Yu

Huan Jie, courtesy name Boxu, was from Linxiang in Changsha.

He served as merit officer of his commandery. Administrator Sun Jian nominated him as Filial and Incorrupt, and he was appointed a gentleman among the Masters of Writing. He returned home to mourn his father. When Sun Jian was killed fighting Liu Biao, Huan Jie braved danger to ask Liu Biao for Sun Jian's body. Liu Biao admired his sense of duty and gave it to him. Later, while Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a posthumous temple name> confronted Yuan Shao at Guandu, Liu Biao committed his province to supporting Yuan Shao. Huan Jie advised his administrator Zhang Xian: “No undertaking lacking a foundation in right has ever escaped defeat. Thus Duke Huan of Qi (Jiang Xiaobai) <a Qi ruler famed for leading an alliance of regional lords> led the regional lords in honoring Zhou, and Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong'er) <a Jin ruler who restored the Zhou king> expelled Shudai and restored the king. The Yuan house now does the opposite, and Governor Liu (Liu Biao) supports it: this is a road to disaster. If you truly wish to establish merit, uphold righteousness, preserve good fortune, and avoid calamity, you should not join them.” Zhang Xian asked: “Where, then, should we turn?” Huan Jie answered: “Although Lord Cao (Cao Cao) is weak, he has risen in the cause of right, rescued the court from danger, and upheld the king's commands to punish the guilty. Who dares refuse submission? If we rally the four commanderies, hold the Three Rivers, await his arrival, and support him from within, would that not be possible?” Zhang Xian approved. He raised Changsha and three neighboring commanderies against Liu Biao and sent an envoy to Taizu (Cao Cao), who was delighted. But Yuan Shao and Taizu (Cao Cao) were continually fighting, and the army could not come south. Liu Biao attacked Zhang Xian urgently; Zhang Xian became ill and died. The city fell, and Huan Jie went into hiding. Much later, Liu Biao recruited him as Libationer among the Attendant Officers and wished to marry him to Lady Cai, his wife's younger sister. Huan Jie explained that he was already betrothed and refused. He then pleaded illness and withdrew.

After Taizu (Cao Cao) settled Jing Province, he heard of Huan Jie's planning for Zhang Xian, considered him extraordinary, and recruited him as a clerk and registrar in the Chancellor's office. He was promoted to Administrator of Zhao Commandery. When the state of Wei was first established, he became General of the Household of the Tiger Guards and Palace Attendant. At the time the heir had not been determined, and the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi) was favored. Huan Jie repeatedly stated that Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Civil Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> possessed superior virtue and greater age and should become heir. His public counsel and private remonstrance were repeatedly earnest and thorough.

Mao Jie and Xu Yi were rigidly upright and had few supporters. Ding Yi, a clerk in the Western Bureau, disliked them and repeatedly spoke of their shortcomings. Huan Jie's assistance enabled them to preserve themselves. His support for good policies and correction of errors was often of this kind. Promoted to Master of Writing, he directed appointments. When Guan Yu surrounded Cao Ren, Taizu (Cao Cao) sent Xu Huang to relieve him, but the siege remained unbroken. Taizu (Cao Cao) wished to campaign south himself and consulted his ministers. All said: “Unless the king goes quickly, we shall now be defeated.” Huan Jie alone asked: “Does Your Majesty consider Cao Ren and the others capable of judging the situation?” He answered: “They are.” “Do you fear the two men are withholding their efforts?” “No.” “Then why go yourself?” He answered: “I fear the enemy is numerous and Xu Huang and the others are at a disadvantage.” Huan Jie said: “Cao Ren and the others hold firm to the death within a tight siege without wavering precisely because Your Majesty supplies distant support. Men placed amid ten thousand mortal dangers must be resolved to fight to the death. With such resolution within and strong relief outside, Your Majesty can hold the six armies steady and display strength in reserve. Why fear defeat and wish to go yourself?” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved and stationed his army at Mobei. The enemy consequently withdrew.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Huan Jie was promoted to Director of the Masters of Writing, enfeoffed as Marquis of Gaoxiang Village, and concurrently appointed Palace Attendant. When Huan Jie fell ill, the emperor visited him personally and said: “I am about to entrust my six-foot orphan and the destiny of the realm to you. Make an effort!” His enfeoffment was changed to Marquis of Anle District, with six hundred households. Three of his sons also received the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. Huan You, as heir, received no separate enfeoffment; when he died of illness, he too was posthumously granted Marquis Within the Passes. Later, when Huan Jie's illness became critical, an envoy was sent to appoint him Minister of Ceremonies at his bedside. He died, and the emperor shed tears for him. His posthumous title was Marquis Zhen. His son Huan Jia succeeded. Huan Jie's younger brother Huan Zuan was made Mounted Attendant Gentleman and granted Marquis Within the Passes. Huan Jia married the Princess of Shengqian Village <the princess's personal name is not given>. During Jiaping, as Administrator of Le'an, he fought Wu at Dongguan. The army was defeated and he died. He received the posthumous title Marquis Zhuang. His son Huan Yi succeeded.

Chen Qun, courtesy name Changwen, was from Xuchang in Yingchuan. His grandfather Chen Shi (陳寔), father Chen Ji, and paternal uncle Chen Chen (陳諶) all enjoyed great renown.

When Chen Qun was a child, Chen Shi often marveled at him and told the elders of the lineage: “This child will certainly raise our clan to greatness.” Kong Rong of Lu, talented and proud, was between Chen Ji and Chen Qun in age. He first befriended Chen Ji and later associated with Chen Qun, whereupon he paid renewed respects to Chen Ji. Chen Qun thus became renowned. When Liu Bei governed Yu Province, he recruited Chen Qun as an administrative aide. Tao Qian then died of illness, and Xu Province invited Liu Bei to take over. Liu Bei wished to go, but Chen Qun advised: “Yuan Shu remains powerful. If you now go east, you must contend with him. If Lü Bu attacks your rear, then even if you obtain Xu Province, your enterprise cannot succeed.” Liu Bei went east nonetheless and fought Yuan Shu. Lü Bu did indeed seize Xiapi by surprise and send troops to assist Yuan Shu, heavily defeating Liu Bei's army. Liu Bei regretted not following Chen Qun's advice. Nominated as Flourishing Talent, Chen Qun was appointed Magistrate of Zhe but did not take office, accompanying Chen Ji to refuge in Xu Province. When Lü Bu was defeated, Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited Chen Qun as a clerk in the Western Bureau of the Minister of Works. Someone recommended Wang Mo of Le'an and Zhou Kui of Xiapi, and Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited them. Chen Qun sealed and returned the order, arguing that their conduct was corrupt and they would eventually fail. Taizu (Cao Cao) did not listen. Later both men were executed for wrongdoing, and Taizu (Cao Cao) acknowledged his mistake to Chen Qun. Chen Qun recommended Chen Jiao of Guangling and Dai Qian of Danyang; Taizu (Cao Cao) employed both. Later, when people of Wu rebelled, Dai Qian died loyally in the crisis, while Chen Jiao became a renowned minister. The age consequently credited Chen Qun with understanding men. He was appointed successively Magistrate of Xiao, Zan, and Changping, leaving office when his father died. Later, as a clerk of the Minister over the Masses, he received a high evaluation and became Attendant Censor for Judicial Affairs, then adviser on the Chancellor's military affairs. After the state of Wei was established, he was promoted to Palace Assistant Censor-in-Chief.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) discussed restoring mutilating punishments, he ordered: “Where can I find a gentleman who understands principles and is versed in antiquity and the present to settle this matter? Grand Herald Chen (Chen Ji) formerly believed that in cases involving death sentences, humanity and mercy could be increased. This is precisely what he meant. Can the Palace Assistant Censor-in-Chief expound his father's argument?” Chen Qun replied:

“My father Chen Ji considered that Han abolished mutilating punishments but increased beating. The intention was to promote humane compassion, yet more people died. This is what is called light in name but heavy in reality. Lightness in name makes offenses easy to commit; heaviness in reality harms the people. The Documents says: ‘Respectfully administer the five punishments to complete the three virtues.’ The Changes records cutting off the nose, amputation, and destruction of the toes, measures intended to support government, assist instruction, punish evil, and reduce killing. For a murderer to repay a death with death accords with ancient institutions. But when someone wounds another, perhaps mutilating the victim's body, merely cutting the offender's hair is unreasonable. If ancient punishments were used, sending sexual offenders to the silkworm chamber <a euphemism for castration> and cutting off thieves' feet, the crimes of sexual license and breaking into houses would disappear permanently. Though the three thousand categories of offenses cannot all be restored, these few, which trouble our time, should be implemented first. Crimes punished by execution under Han law lie beyond the reach of leniency. For the others who come to die, mutilating punishment could replace execution [the compressed wording 刑殺 requires checking]. Thus those punished and those allowed to live could offset one another. Replacing nonlethal punishments with a law of fatal beating values people's limbs while treating their lives lightly.”

Zhong Yao agreed with Chen Qun, but Wang Lang and most discussants considered the proposal impracticable. Taizu (Cao Cao) deeply approved of Zhong Yao and Chen Qun's arguments, yet because military affairs had not ceased and in deference to the majority, he temporarily set the matter aside.

Chen Qun was transferred to Palace Attendant, concurrently serving as clerk in the Chancellor's Eastern and Western Bureaus. At court he showed neither predetermined favor nor rejection, upheld proper distinctions, and gave no one improper assistance. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi), while in the Eastern Palace, deeply respected his ability and treated him as a friend, often sighing: “Since I gained my Hui [an allusion to Yan Hui, here likening Chen Qun to him], my disciples have daily drawn closer.” On succeeding as king, he enfeoffed Chen Qun as Marquis of Changwu Village and transferred him to Master of Writing. The nine-grade system for appointing officials was Chen Qun's proposal. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Chen Qun became Deputy Director of the Masters of Writing and concurrently Palace Attendant, then Director of the Masters of Writing, and was advanced to Marquis of Ying District. When the emperor campaigned against Sun Quan and reached Guangling, he made Chen Qun acting Central Commandant. On returning, he granted him an acting staff of authority and supervision of the navy. Back at Xuchang, he made Chen Qun General-in-Chief Who Guards the Army, concurrently Central Protector, supervising the affairs of the Masters of Writing. When the emperor became bedridden, Chen Qun, Cao Zhen, Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) <King Xuan; a posthumous royal title>, and others jointly received the final edict to assist government. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> succeeded, Chen Qun was advanced to Marquis of Yingyin, with five hundred additional households, making thirteen hundred in all. Along with Senior General Who Campaigns against the East Cao Xiu, General-in-Chief of the Central Army Cao Zhen, and General-in-Chief Who Soothes the Army Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi), he was permitted to open his own administrative office. Shortly afterward he became Minister of Works, continuing to supervise the affairs of the Masters of Writing.

At the time, the emperor had just begun governing. Chen Qun submitted a memorial:

“The Odes says: ‘Take King Wen of Zhou (Ji Chang) as your pattern, and the myriad states will trust you.’ It also says: ‘Set an example for your wife, extend it to your brothers, and thereby govern household and state.’ The Way begins nearby, and its transforming influence spreads throughout the realm. Since the devastation and disorder, weapons have not been put away, and the people do not understand the foundations of royal instruction. I fear the decline has become severe. Your Majesty stands amid Great Wei's prosperity and bears the enterprise of the two ancestral rulers. The realm looks eagerly for perfect government. If you exalt virtue, spread instruction, and show kindness and care to the common people, the multitude will be most fortunate. Ministers echoing one another and concealing right and wrong are a great danger to the state. Discord produces hostile factions; hostile factions produce groundless praise and blame; groundless praise and blame obscure truth and falsehood. Deep precautions must be taken to cut off their source and flow.”

During Taihe, Cao Zhen petitioned to attack Shu on several routes, entering through Xie Valley. Chen Qun considered that “when Taizu (Cao Cao) formerly reached Yangping to attack Zhang Lu, he gathered much pulse and wheat to supplement army provisions. Yet before Zhang Lu submitted, food was already scarce. Now there is no local supply to draw on, and Xie Valley is difficult and dangerous for advance or retreat. Transport will certainly suffer interception. Leaving many troops to guard strategic points will reduce the fighting force. This requires careful consideration.” The emperor followed Chen Qun's advice. Cao Zhen petitioned again to use the Ziwu route. Chen Qun again explained the disadvantages and the calculations of military expenditure. His opinion was sent to Cao Zhen by edict; Cao Zhen took it into account and proceeded. Prolonged heavy rain followed, and Chen Qun argued that Cao Zhen should be recalled by edict. The emperor agreed.

Later, the imperial daughter Shu died and was posthumously enfeoffed as Princess Yi of Pingyuan (Cao Shu) <a territorial title with the posthumous designation Yi>. Chen Qun submitted a memorial:

“Long and short lives are allotted by fate; survival and death have their appointed limits. Thus the sages established ritual, sometimes restraining and sometimes extending observance, to find the proper mean. At Fang there was the frugality of a grave left unrepaired; at Ying and Bo a spirit was not brought home. The great man's actions accord with Heaven and Earth and set an example without end, for great virtue does not cross its bounds and every action becomes a model. Even for the lower category of premature death, at eight years old, full ritual is not provided. How much less for one not yet a full month old! Yet she is being sent off with adult rites, mourning dress has been added, the whole court wears plain clothing, and morning and evening lamentations are held. There has been no comparable case since antiquity. Furthermore, Your Majesty intends to inspect the tomb personally and attend the departure of the funeral carriage. I ask you to restrain and cut off these practices, which bring harm without benefit, and simply allow the ministers to conduct the burial. Please do not let the imperial carriage go: this is the earnest hope of the myriad states. We heard that the imperial carriage intended to visit Mobei, but it actually reached Xuchang. Everyone in both palaces, high and low, has gone east, astonishing the entire court. Some say the purpose is to avoid declining fortune; others that palace buildings are to be moved to a convenient place; others do not know why. I consider that good and bad fortune have their allotments, while disaster and blessing arise from human conduct. Moving in search of safety brings no benefit. If a temporary move is truly necessary, the western palace at Jinyong and the separate palace at Mengjin can be repaired and used for divided, temporary residence. There is no need to expose the entire palace establishment in open encampments or disrupt the essential work of sericulture and farming in its prime season. If enemy territories hear of this, they will regard it as a sign of grave decline. The additional trouble and expense are beyond calculation. Moreover, good and worthy men, whether in prosperity or decline, safety or danger, hold to the Way and trust their allotted fate. They do not obtain peace by moving their households, and their home communities follow their example without fear. How much more the emperor, ruler of the myriad states! When he is still, the realm is secure; when he moves, the realm is disturbed. How can his going and staying, movement and repose, be treated lightly?”

The emperor did not listen.

During Qinglong, palace construction caused the people to miss the farming season. Chen Qun submitted a memorial:

“Yu inherited the flourishing age of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, yet still lived in humble palaces and wore poor clothing. How much more appropriate is that now, after devastation and disorder, when the population is so small that, compared with the time of Emperors Wen (Liu Heng) and Jing (Liu Qi) of Han, it amounts to no more than one large commandery!

“Moreover, there is trouble on the borders, and officers and soldiers labor hard. Flood or drought would cause the state grave concern. Wu and Shu have not been destroyed, and the altars of state remain insecure. Before they act, we should practice arms and encourage agriculture in readiness. If we abandon this urgent task and put palaces first, I fear the people will become utterly exhausted. How then shall we meet the enemy? Liu Bei formerly built many relay lodges from Chengdu to Baishui, expending resources and imposing labor. Taizu (Cao Cao) recognized that he was exhausting his people. Our central state's present labor burden is likewise what Wu and Shu desire. This is the turning point between safety and danger. I ask Your Majesty to consider it.”

The emperor replied: “A king's palaces should also be established alongside other undertakings. After the enemy is destroyed, we should merely dismiss the garrisons. How could we raise labor service again? Thus this is your responsibility, following Xiao He's grand strategy.” Chen Qun replied:

“In the past, Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) <Exalted Ancestor; an ancestral imperial designation> contended only with Xiang Yu for the realm. After Xiang Yu's destruction, the palaces had been burned. Thus Xiao He's construction of the arsenal and great granary met urgent needs. Even so, their magnificence was criticized. Now the two enemies remain unpacified; our circumstances truly should not be equated with antiquity.

“Whatever a person desires, he can find words for it. How much more the heavenly king, whom no one dares oppose! Earlier, when you wished to demolish the arsenal, it was said that it must be demolished; later, when you wished to establish it, it was said that it must be established. If you are determined to build, ministers' words cannot bend you. If you give the matter a little thought and decisively change your intention, that too lies beyond your ministers' power. Emperor Ming of Han (Liu Zhuang) wished to build Deyang Hall. Zhongli Yi remonstrated, and he immediately followed the advice. Later he built it after all. When the hall was completed, he told his ministers: ‘If Master of Writing Zhongli Yi were here, this hall could not have been completed.’ Surely a king does not fear a single minister; he acts for the people's sake. Now I cannot hold your sage attention even briefly. I fall far short of Zhongli Yi.”

The emperor consequently made some reductions.

Earlier, under Taizu (Cao Cao), Liu Yi faced execution because his younger brother had plotted rebellion with Wei Feng. Chen Qun spoke to Taizu (Cao Cao), who said: “Liu Yi is a renowned minister. I too wish to pardon him.” Liu Yi was restored to his position and felt deeply grateful to Chen Qun. Chen Qun said: “Discussing punishment is for the state, not for private interests. Moreover, this was the enlightened ruler's own intention. What did I contribute?” His broad-mindedness and lack of self-praise were always of this kind. He died in the fourth year of Qinglong and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing. His son Chen Tai succeeded. Remembering Chen Qun's achievements and virtue, the emperor divided his estate and enfeoffed another son as a ranked marquis.

Chen Tai's courtesy name was Xuanbo. During Qinglong he became Mounted Attendant Gentleman. During Zhengshi he was transferred to General of Mobile Assault, became Inspector of Bing Province, and was concurrently General Who Inspires Martial Awe, holding a staff of authority and serving as General of the Household Who Protects the Xiongnu. He pacified the non-Chinese population with a notable combination of authority and kindness. Many grandees in the capital sent him valuables to purchase male and female slaves on their behalf. Chen Tai hung them all on the wall without opening their seals and returned everything when recalled as Master of Writing. Early in Jiaping he replaced Guo Huai as Inspector of Yong Province and was concurrently General Who Rouses Martial Awe. Shu's General-in-Chief Jiang Wei led troops to build two forts at Qushan, placing Standard-Gate Generals Gou An and Li Xin in command. He gathered Qiang and other non-Chinese hostages and pressed raids against the commanderies. General Who Campaigns against the West Guo Huai consulted Chen Tai about resistance. Chen Tai said: “Though the forts are strong, they lie far from Shu across difficult terrain and must receive transported grain. The Qiang resent Jiang Wei's labor demands and surely have not willingly submitted. If we surround the forts, we can take them without bloodying our blades. Even if relief comes, the mountain roads are difficult and no place for an army to maneuver.” Guo Huai followed the plan, sending Chen Tai with Protector of the Army against Shu Xu Zhi, Administrator of Nan'an Deng Ai, and others to surround the forts and cut their supply routes and the flowing water outside them. Gou An and the others challenged battle, but Chen Tai would not allow it. The defenders suffered, rationing grain and collecting snow to prolong their days. Jiang Wei did indeed come to relieve them, emerging from Mount Niutou and facing Chen Tai. Chen Tai said: “The art of war values subduing men without battle. If we cut off Niutou now, Jiang Wei will have no road home and will be our prisoner.” He ordered all armies to hold firm behind their fortifications and avoid battle. He sent Guo Huai word that he intended to cross the Baishui southward and follow the river east, while Guo Huai hurried to Niutou to cut off Jiang Wei's retreat. They could thereby capture Jiang Wei as well as Gou An and the others. Guo Huai approved and advanced with the armies to the Tao River. Frightened, Jiang Wei fled. Isolated, Gou An and the others all surrendered.

After Guo Huai died, Chen Tai replaced him as General Who Campaigns against the West, with an acting staff of authority supervising the armies of Yong and Liang Provinces. The following year, Inspector of Yong Province Wang Jing reported that Jiang Wei and Xiahou Ba intended to advance on three routes toward Qishan, Shiying, and Jincheng. He requested permission to advance supporting wings, sending Liang Province's army to Fuhan and the Protector of the Army against Shu toward Qishan. Chen Tai judged that the enemy could not in the end use all three routes and that dividing forces was undesirable. Liang Province should not yet cross its border. He replied to Wang Jing: “Obtain definite intelligence and determine their direction. Wait until the eastern and western forces can act together before advancing.” Jiang Wei and the others then led several tens of thousands to Fuhan and headed for Didao. Chen Tai ordered Wang Jing to advance and garrison Didao, wait for the army's arrival, and only then plan against the enemy. Chen Tai advanced to Chencang. Wang Jing's troops fought unsuccessfully at Guguan, and Wang Jing abruptly crossed the Tao. Chen Tai reasoned that because Wang Jing had not held Didao firmly, another reversal was inevitable. He sent the Five Camps ahead and followed with the armies. Wang Jing had already suffered a great defeat against Jiang Wei and retreated with more than ten thousand men into Didao, while the rest scattered. Jiang Wei exploited his victory to besiege Didao. Chen Tai's army reached Shanggui, assigned detachments to strategic points, and pressed forward day and night. Deng Ai, Hu Fen, and Wang Mi also arrived. Chen Tai divided the forces with Deng Ai, Wang Mi, and the others into three armies and advanced to Longxi. Deng Ai and the others argued: “Wang Jing's picked troops have been crushed in the west, and the enemy is extremely strong. Its victorious army cannot be resisted, while you follow a defeated army with a hastily assembled force. Officers and soldiers have lost heart, and Longyou is in upheaval. The ancients said: ‘When a viper bites the hand, a strong man cuts off his wrist.’ Master Sun says: ‘There are armies one does not attack and places one does not defend.’ This means accepting a small loss to preserve the greater whole. The danger to Longyou now exceeds a viper's bite, and Didao is more than merely a place that need not be defended. Jiang Wei's force has an edge to be avoided. Better to secure defensible ground, preserve ourselves, watch for openings, wait for exhaustion, and then advance to relieve the city. That is the sound plan.” Chen Tai replied:

“Jiang Wei has led lightly equipped troops deep into our territory precisely to contest the open fields and seek advantage in a single battle. Wang Jing should have held high walls and deep fortifications to blunt his edge. Instead he fought, allowing the enemy's plan to succeed. Jiang Wei defeated him in flight and shut him inside Didao. If Jiang Wei had used the prestige of victory to advance east, occupy the grain stores at Lueyang, send troops to gather submissions, attract the Qiang and other non-Chinese peoples, contest Guan and Long in the east, and circulate orders to the four commanderies, that would have been what we feared. Instead he has worn down a victorious army beneath a high-walled city, exhausting his keen troops and risking their lives. Attack and defense differ in their circumstances, as do guest and host. Military books say: ‘Preparing shields and covered assault carts takes three months; completing siege mounds takes another three.’ These are certainly not things a light army far from home, or Jiang Wei's ingenious schemes, can accomplish suddenly. His detached army is lodged far away and its grain supply cannot continue. This is our moment to advance swiftly and defeat him—the natural situation described as thunder too sudden for people to cover their ears. The Tao River runs outside, and Jiang Wei's forces lie within. If we now occupy commanding heights and threaten his neck and throat, he must flee without fighting. The enemy must not be allowed free rein, and the siege cannot be prolonged. Why do you speak this way?”

He advanced across Gaocheng Ridge, moving secretly, and reached the heights southeast of Didao by night. Many beacon fires were raised and drums and horns sounded. Seeing relief arrive, the officers and soldiers within Didao became fiercely enthusiastic. Jiang Wei had initially assumed government relief would wait until its full force assembled. Suddenly hearing it had arrived, he thought some extraordinary, prearranged plan was afoot. All ranks were shaken and afraid. When Chen Tai's army left Longxi, the mountain roads were so deep and dangerous that the enemy was certain to lay an ambush. Chen Tai used a deceptive southern route. Jiang Wei did indeed maintain an ambush for three days.

Chen Tai's army moved secretly and suddenly emerged to his south [the source reads 定軍 here; its wording remains open]. Jiang Wei then came swiftly along the mountain, fought Chen Tai, and withdrew. Liang Province's army advanced south from Jincheng to Wogan Slope. Chen Tai secretly agreed with Wang Jing that they would move together against Jiang Wei's retreat. Hearing this, Jiang Wei and the others fled, and the officers and soldiers inside the city could come out. Wang Jing sighed: “We had not ten days' grain left. Had you not acted at the right moment, the whole city would have been massacred and a province lost.” Chen Tai comforted the officers and soldiers, sent them home in successive groups, appointed replacement troops to garrison the city, repaired its fortifications, and returned to Shanggui.

When Chen Tai first heard Wang Jing was surrounded, he reasoned that the province's officers and soldiers had always been united and now had a city to hold, so Jiang Wei could not quickly overwhelm them. He memorialized that he would advance day and night and return swiftly. Most discussants considered that Wang Jing's defeated troops could not hold the city alone. If Jiang Wei cut the Liang Province route, absorbed the Chinese and non-Chinese population of the four commanderies, and occupied the defenses of Guan and Long, he could destroy Wang Jing's army and devastate Longyou [the source's 敢能 wording is uncertain]. They urged waiting for great armies to assemble from all directions before attacking. General-in-Chief Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) <King Wen; a posthumous royal title> said: “Zhuge Liang always harbored this intention but never accomplished it. So great an undertaking and far-reaching a plan lie beyond Jiang Wei's ability. Moreover, the city cannot be taken suddenly, while shortage of grain is urgent. The General Who Campaigns against the West has chosen the best plan by hurrying to relieve it.” Chen Tai always considered that whenever trouble arose in one region, empty alarms disturbed the whole realm. He therefore rarely submitted detailed reports, and his relay dispatches traveled at no more than six hundred li [the interval of this courier-rate expression is not specified here]. Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) told Xun Yi: “Xuanbo (Chen Tai) is steady, brave, and decisive. Bearing the weight of a regional command, he rescues a city on the verge of falling without asking for more troops and sends few reports because he is certain he can deal with the enemy. Should not a great commander supervising armies be like this!”

Later Chen Tai was recalled as Deputy Director of the Right among the Masters of Writing, directing appointments, and concurrently Palace Attendant and Grandee of the Imperial Household. When Wu's senior general Sun Jun advanced into the Huai and Si region, Chen Tai became General Who Guards the Army, with an acting staff of authority supervising military affairs north of the Huai. An edict placed everyone from the Army Supervisor of Xu Province downward under his command. Sun Jun withdrew, the army returned, and Chen Tai became Deputy Director of the Left. When Zhuge Dan rebelled at Shouchun, Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) led the six armies to Qiutou, while Chen Tai oversaw the traveling secretariat. Sima Jingwang (Sima Shi) <King Jing; a posthumous royal title> and Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) were both his close friends; Wu Gai of Pei was also friendly with him. Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) asked Wu Gai: “How does Xuanbo (Chen Tai) compare with his father, the Minister of Works?” Wu Gai answered: “In comprehensive refinement and broad understanding, and in taking responsibility for the realm's reputation and instruction, he falls short. In clear command, concise decisiveness, and establishing achievements, he surpasses him.” For his successive services, Chen Tai's estate was increased to twenty-six hundred households. One of his sons or younger brothers received a village marquisate, and two received Marquis Within the Passes.

He died in the first year of Jingyuan and was posthumously appointed Minister of Works, with the posthumous title Marquis Mu.

His son Chen Xun succeeded. Chen Xun died without an heir, and his younger brother Chen Wen inherited the enfeoffment. During Xianxi the five noble ranks were established. Because Chen Tai had rendered distinguished service under the previous reign, Chen Wen's enfeoffment was changed to Viscount of Shen.

Chen Jiao, courtesy name Jibi, was from Dongyang in Guangling. He took refuge from disorder south of the Yangzi and at Dongcheng, declined appointments from Sun Ce and Yuan Shu, and returned to his native commandery. Administrator Chen Deng invited him to become merit officer and sent him to Xu, saying: “Opinion at Xu does not give me sufficient credit. Please observe on my behalf and instruct me when you return.” Chen Jiao returned and said: “From what I have heard of opinion near and far, many consider you proud and self-important.” Chen Deng said: “For harmony in the household, virtue, and conduct, I respect Chen Yuanfang (Chen Ji) and his brother. For depth and purity like clear water and spotless jade, ritual and standards, I respect Hua Ziyu (Hua Xin). For pure conduct, hatred of evil, understanding, and righteousness, I respect Zhao Yuanda (Zhao Yu). For extensive knowledge, powerful memory, and extraordinary distinction, I respect Kong Wenju (Kong Rong). For heroic bearing and the strategy of a king or hegemon, I respect Liu Xuande (Liu Bei). With such men to respect, how am I proud? As for the petty others, why should they be counted?” Such was Chen Deng's lofty outlook, and he deeply respected Chen Jiao as a friend.

When Sun Quan besieged the commandery at Kuangqi, Chen Deng sent Chen Jiao to seek relief from Taizu (Cao Cao). Chen Jiao persuaded him: “Though small, our commandery occupies an advantageous position. If you grant relief and make it an outer bulwark, Wu's plans will be frustrated and Xu Province permanently secure. Your martial reputation will resound afar, your benevolence flow abundantly, and territories not yet obedient will look toward your influence and attach themselves like shadows. Exalting virtue and nurturing authority: this is the enterprise of kingship.” Taizu (Cao Cao) admired him and wished to retain him. Chen Jiao declined: “My native commandery hangs upside down in peril, and I came hurrying to report its emergency. Even if I cannot achieve Shen Xu (Shen Baoxu)'s success, dare I forget Hong Yan's sense of duty?”

Taizu (Cao Cao) consequently dispatched relief. Once Wu's army withdrew, Chen Deng laid many hidden ambushes, led troops in pursuit, and heavily defeated it.

Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited Chen Jiao as a clerk to the Minister of Works. He was appointed Magistrate of Xiang, Chief Clerk to the General Who Campaigns against the South, Administrator of Pengcheng and Leling, and Commandant of the Western Division of Wei Commandery. A man in Quzhou prayed for his sick father by sacrificing an ox, and the county sentenced him to public execution. Chen Jiao said: “This is a filial son,” and petitioned for his pardon. He was promoted to Administrator of Wei Commandery. At the time, prisoners numbered in the thousands, some confined for years. Chen Jiao considered that Zhou had a system of three legal codes and Han had simplified the law to three articles. To be meticulous about distinctions between heavy and light penalties while neglecting the harm of prolonged imprisonment was surely mistaken. He personally examined every case and decided them all at once. When the great army campaigned east, he entered service as the Chancellor's chief clerk. After its return he again governed Wei Commandery, then became a clerk in the Western Bureau. He accompanied the Hanzhong campaign and returned as Master of Writing. Before reaching Ye on the journey ahead, he learned that Taizu (Cao Cao) had died at Luoyang. Bound by ordinary precedent, the ministers thought the heir must wait for an imperial command to succeed. Chen Jiao said: “The king has died away from home, and the realm is alarmed. The heir should restrain his grief and succeed to hold the hopes of near and far. Moreover, a favored son is at the deceased ruler's side. If disturbances arise between them, the altars of state will be endangered.” He immediately arranged the officials and ritual, completing everything in one day. The next morning, on the queen's command, the heir was formally installed as king, and a comprehensive amnesty issued. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) said: “Facing a great crisis, Chen Jibi (Chen Jiao) displayed exceptional clarity and strategy. He is truly an outstanding man of our time.” After ascending the imperial throne, the emperor assigned him to personnel administration, enfeoffed him as Marquis of Gaoling Village, and promoted him to Director of the Masters of Writing. When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, he advanced him to Marquis of Dong District, with six hundred households. Once the imperial carriage suddenly reached the gate of the Masters of Writing. Chen Jiao knelt and asked: “Where does Your Majesty intend to go?” The emperor said: “Merely to inspect the documents.” Chen Jiao replied: “This is my own responsibility, not something Your Majesty should personally attend to. If I am unequal to my office, please dismiss me. Your Majesty should return.” Ashamed, the emperor turned his carriage and went back. Such was Chen Jiao's forthright integrity.

Chen Jiao was concurrently appointed Palace Attendant and Grandee of the Imperial Household, then promoted to Minister over the Masses. He died in the first year of Jingchu and received the posthumous title Marquis Zhen.

His son Chen Ben succeeded and held successive offices as commandery administrator and one of the Nine Ministers. Wherever he served, he grasped the main framework and broad principles, enabling subordinates to exert themselves fully. Gifted in command and management, he did not personally attend to petty matters. Without studying legal statutes, he earned acclaim as Commandant of Justice, surpassing Sima Qi and others skilled in legal wording and reasoning. He was promoted to General Who Guards the North, with an acting staff of authority supervising military affairs north of the Yellow River. He died, and his son Chen Can succeeded. Chen Ben's younger brother Chen Qian became General of Chariots and Cavalry during Xianxi.

Earlier, while Chen Jiao was merit officer of his commandery, a mission took him through Taishan. Xue Ti of Dong Commandery, Administrator of Taishan, considered him extraordinary and became his close friend. Joking, he told Chen Jiao: “A commandery clerk befriends a two-thousand-bushel official, and the ruler of a neighboring territory condescends to associate with a subordinate's servant. Is that not acceptable!” Xue Ti later governed Wei Commandery and became Director of the Masters of Writing, succeeding Chen Jiao in both posts.

Xu Xuan, courtesy name Baojian, was from Haixi in Guangling. He took refuge from disorder south of the Yangzi, declined Sun Ce's appointment, and returned to his native commandery. He and Chen Jiao both held leading administrative posts. Equal in reputation but personally at odds, they were nevertheless both valued by Administrator Chen Deng and shared his allegiance to Taizu (Cao Cao). When people of Haixi and Huaipu rebelled, Commandant Wei Mi and Magistrate Liang Xi fled to Xu Xuan's house at night. He secretly escorted them to safety. Taizu (Cao Cao) sent Army Superintendent Hu Zhi against the rebels, but with few troops he would not advance. Xu Xuan secretly visited and reproached him, explaining the situation. Hu Zhi then advanced and defeated the rebels. Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited Xu Xuan as a clerk to the Minister of Works, appointed him Magistrate of Dongmin and Fagan, promoted him to Administrator of Qi Commandery, and brought him in as Supervisor of the Retinue. He accompanied Taizu (Cao Cao) to Shouchun. When Ma Chao rebelled and the great army campaigned west, Taizu (Cao Cao) told his staff: “I must now campaign far away, but this region is unsettled and may trouble our rear. We need someone pure, impartial, and greatly virtuous to oversee it.” He made Xu Xuan Protector of the Army of the Left, leaving him in charge of the armies. On returning, he made him a clerk in the Chancellor's Eastern Bureau, then sent him out as Administrator of Wei Commandery. When Taizu (Cao Cao) died at Luoyang, the ministers entered the hall to announce mourning. Someone proposed replacing the garrisons in the cities with men of Qiao and Pei. Xu Xuan said sternly: “Near and far are now united, and everyone wishes to serve loyally. Why insist on Qiao and Pei men and discourage those already guarding the palace?” Hearing this, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) said: “This is what is called a minister who upholds the state.” After ascending the throne, he made Xu Xuan Palace Assistant Censor-in-Chief, granted him Marquis Within the Passes, and transferred him to Colonel of the City Gates. Within a short time Xu Xuan became Colonel Director of Retainers, then Regular Mounted Attendant. He accompanied the emperor to Guangling. As the six armies traveled by boat, a violent wind and waves arose, turning the emperor's boat about. Though ill and behind the fleet, Xu Xuan pressed through the waves and arrived before all the other officials. Admiring his courage, the emperor promoted him to Master of Writing.

When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, Xu Xuan was enfeoffed as Marquis of Jinyang Village, with two hundred households. Central Commandant Huan Fan recommended him:

“I have heard that emperors and kings employ men according to the needs of the age. In times of struggle they give priority to strategy; after positions are settled, loyalty and righteousness come first. Thus Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong'er) followed Jiufan's plan but rewarded Yong Ji's words,

“and Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang) used Chen Ping's wisdom but entrusted posterity to Zhou Bo. I respectfully observe that Master of Writing Xu Xuan embodies loyal and generous conduct and possesses an upright, candid nature. Pure, refined, and independent, he is not constrained by convention. Firm and difficult to move, he has the integrity of one who upholds the state. He has served in provinces and commanderies and proved equal to every post. The deputy directorship is vacant, and Xu Xuan is acting in charge of affairs left behind. For so weighty a trusted responsibility, no one is more suitable.”

The emperor consequently made Xu Xuan Deputy Director of the Left, later concurrently Palace Attendant and Grandee of the Imperial Household [灌祿大夫 in the source]. When the imperial carriage visited Xuchang, he oversaw affairs left at the capital. On the emperor's return, the responsible officials presented documents for inspection. The emperor ordered: “How would my review differ from the deputy director's?” [禾異 in the source.] He ultimately did not read them. When the Director of the Imperial Workshop was summarily subjected to punitive interrogation and died under it, Xu Xuan memorialized that the severity of punishment had gone too far. He also remonstrated that palace construction exhausted the people's strength. The emperor personally wrote edicts praising and accepting both. Xu Xuan said: “At seventy there is the rite of hanging up one's carriage. I am now sixty-eight and may retire.” He firmly pleaded illness and requested retirement, but the emperor would not allow it.

He died in the fourth year of Qinglong, leaving instructions for a plain cloth robe, an open-weave headcloth, and burial in clothing appropriate to the season. An edict said: “Xu Xuan embodied utmost sincerity, straight within and square without. Serving through three reigns, he remained impartial, candid, and solemnly upright, with the integrity of one to whom an orphaned heir and the state's destiny could be entrusted. He may be called a pillar of the state. I always intended to rely on him among the highest assisting ministers, but before he could be raised to that position, alas, his allotted life ended! Let him be posthumously appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry and buried with the rites of an excellency.” His posthumous title was Marquis Zhen. His son Xu Qin succeeded.

Wei Zhen, courtesy name Gongzhen, was from Xiangyi in Chenliu. His father Wei Zi possessed great integrity and declined recruitment by the Three Excellencies. When Taizu (Cao Cao) first arrived in Chenliu, Wei Zi said: “The man who pacifies the realm will certainly be this one.” Taizu (Cao Cao) likewise considered him extraordinary and repeatedly visited to discuss great affairs. Wei Zi accompanied the campaign against Dong Zhuo and died fighting at Xingyang. Whenever Taizu (Cao Cao) passed through the commandery, he sent an envoy to sacrifice to him.

When Xiahou Dun was Administrator of Chenliu, he nominated Wei Zhen as accounts officer and had his wife come out at a banquet. Wei Zhen considered this “a custom of a declining age, not correct ritual.” Xiahou Dun angrily detained him but later released him. He subsequently became a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate under Han. Zhu Yue of Dong Commandery plotted rebellion and implicated Wei Zhen. Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered: “I raised this enterprise together with your father and also admire your fine reputation. When I first heard Zhu Yue's words, I certainly did not believe them. Upon receiving Director Xun (Xun Yu)'s letter, I fully understood your loyalty and sincerity.” Wei Zhen then carried an imperial commission to seek a noble consort from Wei. A memorial requested that he remain as adviser on the Chancellor's military affairs. In recognition of his father's former service, he received Marquis Within the Passes and was transferred to clerk in the Households Bureau. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Wei Zhen became Regular Mounted Attendant; after the imperial accession, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Anguo Village. At the time, ministers all extolled Wei's virtue, often disparaging the former dynasty. Wei Zhen alone explained the principle of abdication and praised Han's merits. The emperor repeatedly looked toward him and said: “The treasures of the realm should be shared with the Duke of Shanyang (Liu Xie).” Wei Zhen was promoted to Master of Writing, then Palace Attendant and Master of Writing for Personnel. When the emperor visited Guangling, Wei Zhen accompanied him as acting Central Commandant. General-in-Chief Cao Xiu [styled 征軍大將軍 here] reported a surrendered enemy's statement that “Sun Quan is already at Ruxukou.” Wei Zhen said: “Sun Quan relies on the Yangzi and does not yet dare match us. This must be a false statement prompted by fear.” Investigation of the surrenderer revealed that a defending commander had fabricated it.

When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) succeeded, Wei Zhen was advanced to Marquis of Kang District. Later transferred to Deputy Director of the Right, he directed appointments and was concurrently Palace Attendant as before. Central Protector Jiang Ji wrote to him: “Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) encountered a fugitive and made him senior general; King Wu of Zhou (Ji Fa) raised a fisherman to Grand Preceptor. Commoners and menial servants can rise to kings and dukes. Why cling to regulations and test men before employing them?” Wei Zhen replied: “The ancients set aside cleverness and employed breadth of judgment, waiting for assessed performance before dismissal or promotion. You now equate Muye with the reigns of Kings Cheng of Zhou (Ji Song) and Kang of Zhou (Ji Zhao), and compare the slaying of the snake with the reigns of Emperors Wen (Liu Heng) and Jing (Liu Qi) of Han. By favoring irregular appointments and opening the way to exceptional advancement, you will make the whole realm rise and race for position.” When Zhuge Liang invaded Tianshui, Wei Zhen memorialized: “A surprise force should enter San Pass to cut his supply route.” He was made General Who Campaigns against Shu, with an acting staff of authority supervising the armies, and reached Chang'an. Zhuge Liang withdrew. Returning, Wei Zhen resumed his post and was concurrently Grandee of the Imperial Household. The emperor was then intensely interested in palace buildings, and Wei Zhen repeatedly remonstrated earnestly. When the Palace Buildings Supervisor arbitrarily arrested a clerical officer of the Orchid Terrace, Wei Zhen requested an investigation. The emperor ordered: “The palace buildings remain unfinished, a matter on my mind. Why investigate him?” Wei Zhen memorialized: “The ancient law against encroaching on another office did not condemn diligence in service. Rather, the benefit was small and the damage great. Whenever I examine the investigating agents, I find similar cases. I fear the offices will consequently overstep their duties and decline will follow.” Zhuge Liang again emerged through Xie Valley. The southern campaigning command reported: “Zhu Ran and the others have already passed Jingcheng.” Wei Zhen said: “Zhu Ran is a fierce Wu general. He will certainly go downstream to join Sun Quan and is merely making a show to hold down the southern command.” Sun Quan indeed summoned Zhu Ran to Juchao and advanced against Hefei. The emperor wished to campaign east in person. Wei Zhen said: “Outwardly Sun Quan appears to support Zhuge Liang; inwardly he is waiting to see what happens. Hefei's defenses are strong and give no cause for worry. The imperial carriage need not campaign personally, thereby saving the expense of the six armies.” The emperor reached Xunyang, but Sun Quan eventually withdrew.

Inspector of You Province Guanqiu Jian memorialized: “Since Your Majesty's accession, there has been no achievement worthy of recording. Wu and Shu rely on natural defenses and cannot quickly be pacified. We might use the otherwise unused soldiers of this region to conquer Liaodong.” Wei Zhen said: “Guanqiu Jian's proposals are petty techniques of the Warring States, not the business of a king. Wu has repeatedly raised troops and disturbed the frontier, yet we still keep arms at rest and nourish our soldiers, not hastening to attack, precisely because the people are exhausted. Moreover, Gongsun Yuan grew up beyond the sea, inheriting a position held through three generations. Outwardly he pacifies the non-Chinese peoples; inwardly he trains for war and archery. Guanqiu Jian proposes a long advance with a detached army, arriving in the morning and sweeping everything away by evening. We know this is delusion.” Guanqiu Jian's campaign consequently went badly.

Wei Zhen was promoted to Minister of Works and transferred to Minister over the Masses. During Zhengshi he was advanced to Marquis of Changyuan, with a thousand households, and one son was enfeoffed as a ranked marquis. Earlier, Taizu (Cao Cao) long delayed establishing an heir and especially esteemed the Marquis of Linzi (Cao Zhi). Ding Yi and the others supported Cao Zhi and urged Wei Zhen to attach himself to him, but Wei Zhen refused on grounds of great principle. After Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended, the Prince of Donghai (Cao Lin, 曹霖) was favored. The emperor asked Wei Zhen: “What is the Marquis of Pingyuan (Cao Rui) like?” Wei Zhen praised the excellence of his clear virtue but ultimately said no more [the compressed phrase 稱明德美而終不言 is uncertain]. When Cao Shuang assisted government, he sent Xiahou Xuan to convey his wishes and draw Wei Zhen into an acting appointment as Director of the Masters of Writing, also seeking a marriage for his younger brother. Wei Zhen refused both and firmly requested retirement. An edict said: “Duan Ganmu rested in retirement, yet his righteousness overawed mighty Qin. The Marquis of Liu (Zhang Liang) nourished his spirit but did not forget affairs concerning Chu. I hope you will not withhold forthright words and good plans.” He received a residence, the rank of Specially Advanced, and a stipend equal to that of the Three Excellencies. After his death he was posthumously appointed Grand Commandant and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing.

His son Wei Lie succeeded and became Minister of the Imperial Household during Xianxi.

Lu Yu, courtesy name Zijia, was from Zhuo in Zhuo Commandery. His father Lu Zhi was renowned in his time.

Lu Yu lost his father at ten. When his province fell into disorder, two elder brothers died in the troubles. During the fighting between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan, You and Ji Provinces suffered famine. Lu Yu supported his widowed sisters-in-law and orphaned nephews, winning praise for learning and conduct.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) was General of the Household for All Purposes, he summoned Lu Yu to serve in the household office's bureau for criminal affairs. Cui Yan recommended him as registrar of Ji Province. The realm was then being newly established, and many men fled or deserted. Thus the law against military desertion was severe, extending punishment to wives and children. The wives of deserters, including a woman named Bai, had only entered their husbands' households a few days earlier and had not met their husbands. The chief judicial officer requested their public execution. Lu Yu objected:

“A woman's affection arises through meeting, and her obligations become weighty through becoming a wife. Thus the Odes says: ‘Before I saw my lord, my heart was grieved; once I saw him, my heart was at ease.’ Ritual further says: ‘If a woman dies before presenting herself at the ancestral temple, she is returned for burial among her natal kin, because she has not yet become a wife.’ Now Bai and the others have, in life, the sadness of not having met their husbands, and in death would suffer the pain of not having become wives. Yet the officials propose subjecting them to capital punishment. If so, what greater penalty could be imposed after sharing the sacrificial meal and nuptial cup? Moreover, the Record says: ‘In analogous cases, follow the lighter penalty.’ This means applying the lighter comparison when assigning another person's offense by analogy. The Documents also says: ‘Rather than kill the innocent, prefer an irregular failure of punishment.’ It fears excessive severity. Even if Bai and the others, having received betrothal gifts and entered the household gate, may properly be punished, execution is excessive.”

Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Lu Yu's position is right. His meaningful use of the classics also makes me sigh in admiration.” Lu Yu consequently became a deliberating clerk in the Chancellor's Law Bureau, then a deliberating clerk in the Western Bureau.

After the state of Wei was established, Lu Yu became a gentleman in the Personnel Bureau. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, he was transferred to Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, went out as Chancellor of Jiyin, and served as Administrator of Liang and Qiao Commanderies. Because Qiao was his old home, the emperor moved large numbers of people there to establish agricultural colonies. But its soil was hard and barren, and the people were impoverished. Pitying them, Lu Yu petitioned to move them to fertile, broad land in Liang. This displeased the emperor. Though he approved the petition, he remained resentful and demoted Lu Yu, sending him with the migrants as Commandant of Agriculture at Suiyang. Intent on benefiting the people, Lu Yu personally inspected the ground and chose good fields for settlement. The people relied on him. Promoted to Administrator of Anping and Guangping, he brought beneficial instruction wherever he served.

In the second year of Qinglong, Lu Yu entered court as Palace Attendant. Earlier, Regular Mounted Attendant Liu Shao had received an edict to settle the statutes but had not completed the work. Lu Yu submitted a discussion of ancient and modern legal principles, arguing that law should have one settled standard, not two alternatives allowing corrupt officials to indulge private feelings. When Palace Attendant Gaotang Long repeatedly remonstrated earnestly over palace construction, the emperor was displeased. Lu Yu said: “I have heard that when the ruler is enlightened, ministers are frank. Ancient sage kings feared not hearing of their faults and therefore had a drum inviting remonstrance. A close attendant fully offering counsel shows precisely where we fall short of Gaotang Long. He is a scholar, known for uninhibited frankness. Your Majesty should tolerate him.” During three years in office, Lu Yu raised many objections and disputes. An edict said: “Appointing men and ranking talent is difficult even for sage emperors and requires good assistants to promote the acceptable and remove the unsuitable. Palace Attendant Lu Yu is steadfast by nature, fair-minded, and upright. He may be called one whose proven service has brought achievement and who is tireless in office. Let him become Master of Writing for Personnel.” Lu Yu was told to choose his own replacement: “It must be someone like you.” He recommended Regular Attendant Zheng Chong. The emperor said: “Wenhe (Zheng Chong) I know myself. Recommend someone I have not heard of.” Lu Yu then recommended Ruan Wu and Sun Yong, and the emperor employed Sun Yong.

Previously Zhuge Dan, Deng Yang, and others had pursued reputation, attracting the mocking designation “Four [the source includes 窗 here] and Eight Eminent Ones.” The emperor disliked this. When a gentleman of the Palace Secretariat was to be selected, he ordered: “Whether we obtain the right man depends on Master Lu (Lu Yu). In appointments, do not choose merely for reputation. Reputation is like drawing a cake on the ground: it cannot be eaten.” Lu Yu replied:

“Reputation is insufficient to obtain extraordinary men, but it can obtain ordinary gentlemen. Ordinary gentlemen stand in awe of instruction and admire goodness, and only then gain a reputation. This is not something to resent. I lack the ability to recognize extraordinary men, and those responsible for selection properly make it their duty to follow reputations and examine ordinary standards. There must simply be a means of testing results afterward. Thus the ancients heard presentations through words and tested clearly through achievement. Now the law of performance assessment has been abandoned, and advancement or dismissal depends on praise and blame. Therefore truth and falsehood are mixed, and emptiness and substance conceal one another.”

The emperor accepted this and immediately ordered a system of assessment to be devised. When the office of Minister over the Masses fell vacant, Lu Yu recommended the private scholar Guan Ning, but the emperor could not employ him. Asked for the next choices, Lu Yu replied: “For earnestness and consummate conduct, Grand Palace Grandee Han Ji; for candor, uprightness, purity, and principle, Colonel Director of Retainers Cui Lin; for steadfastness and unalloyed integrity, Minister of Ceremonies Chang Lin.” The emperor employed Han Ji. In judging men and selecting officials, Lu Yu first spoke of character and conduct, then talent. Gentleman of the Yellow Gate Li Feng once questioned him about this. Lu Yu answered: “Talent is the means of doing good. Thus great talent accomplishes great good, and small talent small good. If someone is now called talented but cannot do good, that talent is unsuitable for service.” Li Feng and the others accepted his words.

When the Prince of Qi (Cao Fang) <the territorial title used for this Wei emperor> succeeded, Lu Yu received Marquis Within the Passes. Cao Shuang then controlled power and wished to establish his faction, so he transferred Lu Yu to Deputy Director and replaced him with Palace Attendant He Yan. Soon he sent Lu Yu out as Commandant of Justice. Colonel Director of Retainers Bi Gui also submitted a false accusation and had him dismissed. Public opinion largely defended him, and he was made Minister of the Imperial Household. After Cao Shuang and the others were arrested, Grand Tutor Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) made Lu Yu acting Colonel Director of Retainers to handle their cases. He again became Master of Writing for Personnel, concurrently Commandant of Attendant Equipages, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Gaole Village, and transferred to Deputy Director, still directing appointments, with the concurrent rank of Grandee of the Imperial Household. When the Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) succeeded, Lu Yu was advanced to Marquis of Daliang District. One son received a village marquisate [the source includes 高 before “village marquis”]. When Guanqiu Jian rebelled and General-in-Chief Sima Jingwang (Sima Shi) campaigned against him, Lu Yu administered affairs left behind and was concurrently Palace Attendant. In the third year of Zhengyuan, ill, he requested retirement. Promoted to Minister of Works, he firmly recommended General of Agile Cavalry Wang Chang, Grandee of the Imperial Household Wang Guan, and Colonel Director of Retainers Wang Xiang instead. An edict sent an envoy to confer the seal and ribbon at his residence, advancing him to Marquis of Rongcheng, with twenty-three hundred households. He died in the second year of Ganlu and received the posthumous title Marquis Cheng. His grandson Lu Fan succeeded.

Lu Yu's sons were Lu Qin and Lu Ting. During Xianxi, Lu Qin was a Master of Writing and Lu Ting Administrator of Taishan.

Appraisal: Huan Jie discerned success and failure, and his talents met the needs of his age. Chen Qun always relied on proper distinctions and righteousness, enjoying an elegant reputation among the pure-minded. Chen Tai was broad in accomplishing helpful deeds and concise in reaching essentials, truly capable of continuing his father's foundation. Under Wei, affairs were concentrated in the central offices, with the interior weighted more heavily than the exterior. Thus the Eight Seats among the Masters of Writing fulfilled the responsibilities of the ancient Six Ministers. Chen Jiao, Xu Xuan, Wei Zhen, and Lu Yu held these positions for a long time. Chen Jiao and Xu Xuan were firm, decisive, and unyieldingly upright; Wei Zhen and Lu Yu offered guiding judgment and clear administration. None disgraced his office.