VOLUME 15 · ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Book of Wei · Biographies of Liu Fu, Sima Lang, Liang Xi, Zhang Ji, Wen Hui, and Jia Kui

By Chen Shou · With source commentary

Liu Fu, courtesy name Yuanying, was from Xiang in Pei State. He took refuge from disorder in Yang Province. Early in Jian'an, he persuaded Yuan Shu's generals Qi Ji and Qin Yi to bring their followers with him to Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a temple name conferred posthumously>. Pleased, Taizu (Cao Cao) had him recruited as a clerk by the Minister over the Masses. Later, Li Shu, whom Sun Ce had appointed Administrator of Lujiang, attacked and killed Inspector of Yang Province Yan Xiang. Mei Qian, Lei Xu, Chen Lan, and others from Lujiang gathered tens of thousands between the Jiang and Huai, devastating commanderies and counties. Taizu (Cao Cao), occupied with the danger from Yuan Shao, thought Liu Fu capable of handling the southeast and memorialized to appoint him Inspector of Yang Province.

Receiving his appointment, Liu Fu rode alone to the empty city of Hefei and established the provincial seat. He conciliated Lei Xu and the others to the south, settling them all, and tribute arrived in succession. Within several years his benevolent influence spread widely. The people delighted in his government, and displaced people crossed rivers and mountains to join him in their tens of thousands. He gathered students, established schools, expanded agricultural colonies, and restored the Shaobei, Rubei, Qimen, and Wutang dams to irrigate rice fields. Both the authorities and the people accumulated reserves. He also heightened the fortifications, stored abundant timber and stone, wove grass coverings in their thousands and tens of thousands [數千萬枚, the quantity given in the supplied text], and added several thousand hu of fish oil as preparations for battle and defense.

He died in the thirteenth year of Jian'an. Sun Quan led a hundred thousand men to besiege Hefei for over a hundred days. Continuous rain threatened to collapse the walls, so the defenders covered them with the woven mats and rain coverings. At night they burned the oil to illuminate the ground outside, observing the enemy's work and preparing against it. The enemy was defeated and withdrew. Yang Province's officials and people remembered Liu Fu still more deeply, considering that even Dong Anyu's defense of Jinyang could not surpass this. The benefits of his reservoirs and embankments remain in use to this day.

Liu Fu's son Liu Jing transferred during Huangchu from Gentleman of the Yellow Gates to Administrator of Lujiang. An edict said: “Your father formerly governed that province; now you hold this commandery. You may be called capable of bearing the inherited burden.” He transferred to Henei, was promoted to Master of Writing, received the rank of Marquis within the Passes, and left the center as Intendant of Henan. Regular Attendant Cavalier Ying Qu wrote to him: “Entering, you served as Receiver of Words; leaving, you governed the capital region. Your methods for enriching the people advance daily and monthly. High and strong enclosures extinguish thoughts of breaking in. The five kinds of seed are stored separately, protected from flood and fire. Farming tools are fully supplied so no season is missed. Silkworms and wheat have protective coverings, with no fear of rain and damp. Sealed orders set deadlines, and no officials linger over their business. Widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary receive actual grain relief. Add your clear exposure of hidden matters and unbending enforcement of law: officials fulfill royal commands, while the hundred-li district looks to you for resolution as you sit with folded hands. Even the governments of Zhao Guanghan, Zhang Chang, and the three Wangs of former times cannot be compared.” [The specific referents of the three Wangs remain to be checked.] Such was Liu Jing's administration. Though it first appeared minutely detailed, the people ultimately found it convenient, preserving Liu Fu's example. He left office to mourn his mother, later became Grand Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Guards, and advanced to Marquis of Guanglu Village with three hundred households. He memorialized on the foundations of Confucian instruction: “Learning is the standard by which order and disorder are guided and the sages' great teaching. Since Huangchu the Imperial Academy has been honored and established for over twenty years, yet few have achieved success. This is because erudites are selected lightly, students evade service, and sons of eminent households feel ashamed to associate with those they consider unlike themselves. Thus there are no true learners. The name exists without the men, instruction without results. Carefully select erudites whose conduct can model behavior and whose classical knowledge can teach others, and put them in charge of educating the state's sons. Follow ancient law: descendants of officials ranked two thousand shi and above should all enter the Academy from fifteen. Clearly establish the paths of promotion and dismissal, honor and disgrace. Advance those whose classical understanding is clear and conduct cultivated, to exalt virtue; dismiss those who neglect instruction and abandon study, to punish wrongdoing. Raise the good and teach the incapable, and people will be encouraged. Superficial display and competitive networking will cease without prohibition. Spread the great transforming influence and settle those not yet submitted. The six directions will receive the example and distant peoples arrive. This is sage instruction and the foundation of good government.” He later became General Who Guards the North, with delegated credentials and supervision of the armies north of the Yellow River. Believing that “among lasting principles, none surpasses guarding the frontier and maintaining distinctions between the settled people and outer groups,” he expanded the border defenses and occupied strategic positions. He also restored and enlarged the great embankment of the Liling Canal, irrigating lands north and south of Ji. Rice was planted in three rotations [三更種稻; the precise agricultural arrangement remains uncertain], benefiting the frontier people. He died in the sixth year of Jiaping, was posthumously granted General Who Campaigns in the North, advanced to Marquis of Jiancheng District, and given the posthumous title Marquis Jing (Liu Jing) <‘Illustrious,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Liu Xi succeeded him.

CommentaryThe Spring and Autumn of Jin says: Liu Hong, courtesy name Shuhe, was Liu Xi's younger brother. Born in the same year as Shizu of Jin (Sima Yan) <Ancestor of the Age; a temple name for the founding Jin emperor>, he lived in the same neighborhood and repeatedly rose to high office through their old bond. From Liu Jing to Liu Hong, successive generations maintained their name and possessed talent for government. Late in Western Jin, Liu Hong was General-in-Chief of Chariots and Cavalry with authority to establish a staff, Inspector of Jing Province, bearer of delegated credentials supervising the armies of Jing, Jiao, and Guang provinces, and Duke of Xincheng Commandery. In the Jiang and Han region, amid many disasters for the royal house, he exercised independent authority and fully employed his abilities. He treated subordinates sincerely, encouraged public righteousness, simplified criminal proceedings, and promoted farming and sericulture. Whenever levies were needed, he personally wrote to commanderies and states with earnest and detailed instructions. All responded gratefully, hurrying to fulfill them. People said: “One letter from Lord Liu (Liu Hong) is better than ten parties of provincial attendants.” The emperor was then at Chang'an and authorized Liu Hong to select local administrators. Wu Chao of Wuling, a scholar living in retirement, maintained lofty conduct; Yamen General Pi Chu had rendered meritorious service in the Jiang and Han. Liu Hong recommended Wu Chao as Administrator of Lingling and Pi Chu as Administrator of Xiangyang. An edict considered Xiangyang too important for Pi Chu's limited standing and reputation and appointed Liu Hong's son-in-law Xiahou Zhi instead. Liu Hong said: “One governing the realm should share the realm's concerns; one governing a state should deal sincerely with that state. I oversee ten commanderies in Jing Province. Must I find ten sons-in-law before I can govern?” He memorialized that Xiahou Zhi was related by marriage and the old rules prohibited such supervisory relationships, while Pi Chu's merit deserved reward. Approval followed, and people increasingly admired his fairness. Administrator of Guanghan Xin Ran, seeing the Son of Heaven in exile and the four directions disturbed, proposed a strategy of alliance and rivalry to Liu Hong. Angry, Liu Hong executed him, and contemporaries all approved. The Eulogies of the Lords of Jin says: Though the realm was disordered, Jing Province remained secure. Liu Hong aspired to preserve the Jiang and Han as Liu Jingsheng (Liu Biao) had done and did not attach himself to Grand Tutor Sima Yue. Sima Yue deeply resented him. Liu Hong then died of illness. His son Liu Fan became General of the Household of the North.

Sima Lang, courtesy name Boda, was from Wen in Henei.

CommentarySima Biao's Autobiographical Preface says: Sima Lang's grandfather Sima Jun, courtesy name Yuanyi, was broadly learned, fond of antiquity, free-spirited, and magnanimous. Eight chi three cun tall, with a waist measuring ten wei [a traditional circumferential measure], he had an imposing appearance unlike ordinary men, winning the admiration and attachment of neighbors and kin. He rose to Administrator of Yingchuan. His father Sima Fang, courtesy name Jiangong, was straightforward, impartial, and principled. Even at leisure his dignified bearing never faltered. He especially enjoyed the Biographies of Distinguished Ministers in the Book of Han, memorizing and reciting several hundred thousand words. From youth he served in provincial and commandery offices, successively becoming Magistrate of Luoyang and Intendant of Jingzhao. In old age he transferred to Commandant of Cavalry and lived quietly behind closed doors in his neighborhood. Though his sons had come of age, they dared not approach unless told to advance, sit unless told to sit, or speak unless specifically asked. Relations between father and sons were solemn. He died aged seventy-one in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an. He had eight sons. Sima Lang was the eldest; the next was Emperor Xuan of Jin (Sima Yi) <Proclaiming Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>.

At nine, hearing someone refer to his father by courtesy name, Sima Lang said: “One who treats another man's parent disrespectfully does not respect his own.” The visitor apologized. At twelve he took a classical examination for appointment as a Youth Gentleman. His strong and mature build led the examiner to suspect concealment of his age and question him. Sima Lang answered: “On both sides my family has been tall for generations. Though young and weak, I do not pretend to a stature beyond my years. Reducing my stated age to seek premature achievement is not my intention.” The examiner found him remarkable. Later, armies rose in the east. Former Inspector of Ji Province Li Shao lived at Yewang near difficult mountain country and wished to move to Wen. Sima Lang told him: “The analogy of lips and teeth does not apply only to Yu and Guo. Wen and Yewang are just such a pair. Leaving there to live here merely postpones destruction from morning to evening. Moreover, you are admired by the people. If you move before the enemy arrives, the mountain counties will panic, unsettling the people's hearts and opening the source of crime. I privately fear for the commandery.” Li Shao refused. The people along the mountains indeed became disordered and moved inward, some turning to plunder.

At this time Dong Zhuo moved the Son of Heaven's capital to Chang'an but remained at Luoyang himself. Sima Lang's father Sima Fang, then Censor in Charge of Documents, had to move west. Since the four directions were in turmoil, he sent Sima Lang with the household back to their home county. Someone accused Sima Lang of intending to flee, and he was arrested and brought to Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo said: “You are the same age as my dead son. You have almost greatly betrayed me!” Sima Lang answered: “With virtue surpassing the age, you encountered a time of calamity, cleared away the wicked, and widely promoted worthy scholars. This truly shows an open heart and deep concern for establishing the finest government. Your authority and virtue have grown, and your achievements become manifest, yet military troubles arise daily and provinces and commanderies boil with disorder. Even in the capital's outskirts the people cannot attend to their work. They abandon homes and property, wandering and hiding. Although the four passes are closed and severe executions imposed, flight does not cease. This is what distresses me. I hope you will examine past events and think three times more carefully. Your glorious name will then equal sun and moon; Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan) <Duke of Zhou; a noble title> will be unable to match you.” Dong Zhuo said: “I understand it too. Your words have meaning!”

Knowing that Dong Zhuo must perish and fearing detention, Sima Lang distributed his property as bribes to Dong Zhuo's influential men and sought permission to return home. On arrival he told the elders: “Dong Zhuo's rebellion has made him the realm's enemy. This is the moment for loyal ministers and righteous men to rise. Our commandery borders the capital region. East of Luoyang lies Chenggao; to the north, the Yellow River. If the realm's righteous armies cannot advance, they must halt here. This will become a fragmented battlefield, difficult to keep secure. Better move the whole clan east to Liyang while the roads remain open. Liyang has garrison troops. Zhao Weisun, an old local connection by marriage, is Internuncio Supervising the Camp and commands its troops and horses. He can support us. If circumstances later change, there will still be time to reconsider.” Attached to their homes, the elders refused. Only Zhao Zi of the same county took his family and went with Sima Lang. Several months later the eastern provinces and commanderies raised several hundred thousand men, all gathering at Xingyang and Henei. Unable to unite, the generals let their troops plunder, and nearly half the people died. Later the eastern armies dispersed. While Taizu (Cao Cao) and Lü Bu confronted each other at Puyang, Sima Lang brought his household back to Wen. A terrible famine prevailed, with people eating one another. He supported his clan and instructed his younger brothers, never abandoning study because the age was in decline.

At twenty-two, Sima Lang was recruited as a clerk under Taizu (Cao Cao), then Minister of Works, and appointed Magistrate of Chenggao. He left through illness and subsequently became Chief of Tangyang. His government emphasized generosity. He imposed neither whipping nor beating, yet the people did not violate prohibitions. Some residents had earlier been moved to replenish the capital. Later, when their former county was levied to build boats, they feared it could not meet the requirement and privately returned together to help. Such was the affection he inspired. Promoted to Magistrate of Yuancheng, he entered the central staff as the Chancellor's Registrar. Sima Lang believed the realm's collapse arose because Qin abolished the five noble ranks, leaving commanderies and states without hunting assemblies and military training. Though the five ranks could not yet be restored, provinces and commanderies could each maintain troops to defend against outer peoples and intimidate internal wrongdoing. This, he thought, was the sounder long-term plan. He also favored restoring the well-field system. Earlier, people had held property for generations, making it difficult to take it from them, so restoration had been delayed. Now, after great disorder, the population was scattered and land had no owners, becoming public fields. This was the time to restore it. Although his proposals were not implemented, provincial and commandery military commands reflected his original intention. Promoted to Inspector of Yan Province, he spread effective government and won popular praise. Even in the army he wore coarse clothes and ate poor food, leading subordinates through frugality. He especially loved writings on human relationships and the classics. Though his fellow townsman Li Di and others enjoyed great reputations, Sima Lang openly disparaged them. Their later downfall convinced contemporaries of his judgment. Zhong Yao and Wang Can wrote that only a sage could bring great peace. Sima Lang argued: “Though men like Yi Yin and Yan Hui are not sages, if they could succeed one another for several generations, great peace could be attained.”

CommentaryThe Book of Wei says: Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Civil Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> approved Sima Lang's argument and ordered the Secretariat to record it. Sun Sheng says: Zhong Yao was mistaken, but Sima Lang had not reached the right answer either. Formerly, “Tang (Zi Lü) raised Yi Yin, and the inhumane withdrew.” The Changes says: “The son of the Yan family (Yan Hui) perhaps came close! When he did wrong, he never failed to know it; once he knew, he never repeated it.” Thus sages and great worthies share one Way in action and retirement, advancing and withdrawing alike. Their principles in governing the age and transmitting their influence do not differ in degree. Why must the excellence of peace wait through accumulated generations? “If good men govern a state for a hundred years, they can overcome cruelty and dispense with killing.” It is also said: “Without following the footsteps, one does not enter the inner chamber.” The theory of several generations may apply here. Compared with great worthies, these good men indeed stand at a distance.

In the twenty-second year of Jian'an, Sima Lang campaigned against Wu with Xiahou Dun, Zang Ba, and others. At Juchao a severe epidemic struck the soldiers. He personally inspected them and brought medicine, contracted the illness, and died aged forty-seven. His final instructions called for plain clothing and an informal headcloth, with burial in his ordinary seasonal garments. The province's people remembered him.

On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, Sima Lang's son Sima Yi (司馬遺) was enfeoffed as Marquis of Changwu Village, with a hundred households. Sima Lang's younger brother Sima Fu also assigned his own son Sima Wang to continue Sima Lang's line. When Sima Yi (司馬遺) died, Sima Wang's son Sima Hong succeeded him.

Zhao Zi, who had originally moved with Sima Lang, rose to Minister of Ceremonies and was regarded as a man fond of scholars.

Liang Xi, courtesy name Ziyu, was from Zhe in Chen Commandery and held responsible posts in the commandery administration. When Taizu (Cao Cao) became Minister of Works, he recruited Liang Xi as Chief of Zhang. Liang Xi successively transferred to Magistrate of Chengshi, Haixi, and Xiapi, winning a reputation for good government everywhere. Returning, he became a secretary of the Western Bureau and was promoted to subordinate clerk. Bing Province had recently submitted, and he was appointed Major of a Separate Command, concurrently acting Inspector of Bing Province. The region had suffered Gao Gan's disorder. Northern peoples within the borders maintained forceful independence; officials and people fled into their communities. Military households gathered followers and committed raids, inciting one another and establishing rival strongholds. On taking office, Liang Xi invited and persuaded them, ceremonially summoning their leaders and gradually recommending them for service at headquarters. Once the leaders had all gone, he called up able-bodied men as volunteer followers. When the main army campaigned, he separately requested their service as strong soldiers. After the officers and troops left, he gradually moved their families, sending several tens of thousands to Ye. Those who disobeyed were attacked. Thousands were beheaded, while tens of thousands submitted. The chanyu became respectful, distinguished kings bowed their heads, and their followers performed official service like registered households. The frontier became orderly, the people spread across the countryside, farming and sericulture were encouraged, and commands and prohibitions were obeyed. He recommended distinguished men who all gained prominence, as related in Chang Lin's biography.

Taizu (Cao Cao) praised him, granted the rank of Marquis within the Passes, and made his appointment substantive. Elders praised him as unequaled among inspectors within their memory. In the eighteenth year of Jian'an, the province was merged into Ji Province. Liang Xi became Consultant and Attendant Supervisor of the Western Division, subordinate to Ji Province but retaining command of his former troops. He was also sent to Shangdang to obtain great timbers for the palaces at Ye. He proposed establishing two Agricultural Colony Commandants with six hundred dependent workers to grow beans and millet along the route, covering the expenses of men and oxen. The chanyu later entered court attendance, leaving no anxiety in the northwest. This was Liang Xi's achievement.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: The Xianbei leader Yuyan had long frightened the provincial authorities. One day he brought over five thousand cavalry from his community to Liang Xi, requesting trade. Liang Xi feared that refusal would cause resentment, yet feared plunder if they came to the provincial seat. He therefore agreed to meet and trade in an empty city. He instructed the commanderies and counties and personally led the Administrative Attendant and lower officers with troops to the meeting. Before trading ended, a market official arrested and bound a northern man. Yuyan's riders were alarmed, mounted with drawn bows, and surrounded Liang Xi several ranks deep. Officials and people were terrified and at a loss. Liang Xi calmly called the market official and asked why the man had been bound; the man had indeed harmed someone. He had an interpreter summon Yuyan and rebuked him: “Your own man broke the law. The officials have not wronged you. Why have you alarmed all these riders?” He then had Yuyan beheaded, and the remaining men lost courage and dared not move. Thereafter there were no raids. In the twenty-second year, after Taizu (Cao Cao) took Hanzhong and the armies returned to Chang'an, he retained cavalry commander Lu Xi, King of the Taiyuan Wuhuan, at Chiyang to guard against the Lushui groups. Lu Xi had a beloved wife at Jinyang. Missing her and fearing he might never return, he rebelled with five hundred cavalry and went back to Bing Province. Leaving his other riders in the hills, he entered Jinyang alone and secretly took his wife away. Only after he had left did the provincial and commandery authorities notice. Fearing his archery, officials and people dared not pursue. Liang Xi ordered Attendant Official Zhang Jing to recruit Xianbei to chase him. Carrying his wife, Lu Xi's horse traveled slowly. Before he could rejoin his followers, the Xianbei shot him dead. When Taizu (Cao Cao) first heard of the rebellion, he feared disorder on the northern frontier. News of Lu Xi's death delighted him. For Liang Xi's repeated strategic ability, he enfeoffed him as Marquis within the Passes.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Bing Province was restored and Liang Xi again became its inspector, advanced to Marquis of Shenmen Village with a hundred households. His administration regularly ranked first in the realm. In the second year of Taihe, he was summoned as Grand Minister of Agriculture. After over twenty years in the province, he lived in poverty and possessed no treasures from his regional command. Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> found this remarkable and bestowed exceptionally generous honors and gifts. He died in the fourth year, and his son Liang Shi succeeded him.

Earlier, Wang Si of Jiyin had served with Liang Xi as a secretary in the Western Bureau. When reporting business on his duty day, Wang Si offended Taizu (Cao Cao), who angrily ordered the responsible official summoned for severe punishment. Wang Si had briefly gone out, so Liang Xi answered in his place and had already been arrested when Wang Si hurried back. Wang Si admitted his own guilt and said he deserved death. Taizu (Cao Cao) admired Liang Xi's silence and Wang Si's acceptance of responsibility: “Who expected two righteous men in my army?”

Later both were promoted at the same time to provincial inspectors, Wang Si governing Yu Province. He too was a capable official but harsh and fussy, lacking a broad grasp of essentials. He rose to the Nine Ministers and was enfeoffed as a ranked marquis.

CommentaryThe Weilüe's Biographies of Harsh Officials says: Wang Si, Xue Ti, and Xi Jia all rose from humble beginnings and reached roughly equal rank. Of the three, Xue Ti possessed somewhat more Confucian learning and was known for administrative simplicity. Xi Jia resembled Wang Si in conduct. Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) issued an edict: “Xue Ti is a mixed scholar-official; Wang Si and Xi Jia are pure administrators. Grant each the rank of Marquis within the Passes to repay his diligence.” Though fussy, Wang Si understood documents thoroughly, honored worthy scholars, and devoted attention to powerful connections. These things also made his reputation. During Zhengshi he became Grand Minister of Agriculture. Old and dim-sighted, he displayed unbounded anger, leaving subordinates in distress, unable to know what to do. Suspicious by nature, he once refused an official leave to visit his gravely ill father in a nearby lodging. Angry, he said: “People speak of thinking of wives and claiming sick mothers. Is that what this means?” The father died next day, and Wang Si felt no regret. Such was his harshness. Impatient as well, he once wrote with a brush on which a fly repeatedly settled. After driving it away two or three times, he angrily rose to chase it. Unable to catch it, he returned, threw down his brush, and stamped it to pieces. Shi Wei of Danyang, Ni Yi of Lu Commandery, and Hu Ye of Nanyang also served as inspectors or administrators and were called harsh and violent by contemporaries. Liu Lei of Gaoyang, who successively governed local jurisdictions, was especially cruel and wicked. Skillful at managing personal connections, he remained employed. During Jiaping he was Administrator of Hongnong. His more than two hundred officials received no leave and were devoted to unnecessary tasks. For offenses great or small, he seized their heads and beat them indiscriminately with a staff, dragging them out and back in three or four times. He had people dig for coins, leaving holes throughout the markets and neighborhoods. Outwardly claiming simplicity, when traveling he publicly ordered inspectors not to let officials make elaborate ceremonial greetings, but secretly noted absentees and angrily harmed them. Distrustful, whenever sending a senior official out he dispatched a junior one to check him. By day he peered through walls and partitions himself; at night he had attendants secretly inspect the bureaus. Distrusting these attendants too, he sent gate servants and slaves to check one another. Once on inspection he lodged in a commoner's house. Two dogs chased a pig, which panicked, stuck its head between fence rails, and squealed for a long time. Thinking the officials outside were drinking and eating without permission, Liu Lei made no inquiry but had runners drag in clerk of the Five Offices Sun Bi, strike his head down, and interrogate him. Sun Bi explained the truth. Ashamed of failing to investigate, Liu Lei pretended to ask about another matter. A commoner named Yin Chang, almost a hundred years old, heard that Liu Lei's inspection route would pass nearby and told his son: “Help me to greet the administrator. I wish to express my gratitude.” His son supported him beside the road. Seeing them, Liu Lei shouted at the son: “Why bring this dead man to see me?” Such was his discourtesy. A traditional popular reproach said an official had “three refusals”: refusing transfer, dismissal, and death. Distressed by Liu Lei, Hongnong's officials and people wrote on his gate: “Administrator Liu has the three refusals.” Though he heard, he could not reform. Later General Who Pacifies the East Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) <King Wen; a posthumous royal title> passed through Hongnong on a western campaign. Residents reported Liu Lei's senility and inability to govern the commandery. He was summoned to become General of the Household for All Purposes.

Zhang Ji, courtesy name Derong, was from Gaoling in Fengyi. At sixteen he became a junior commandery official.

He later held responsible posts and was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt but did not take up the appointment. When Taizu (Cao Cao) became Minister of Works, he recruited Zhang Ji. Before he arrived, Zhang Ji was nominated as Flourishing Talent and appointed Magistrate of Xinfeng, where his government ranked first in the Three Adjuncts. While Yuan Shang opposed Taizu (Cao Cao) at Liyang, he sent his appointees Guo Yuan, Administrator of Hedong, and Gao Gan, Inspector of Bing Province, together with the Xiongnu chanyu, to take Pingyang, and sent envoys west to unite the Guanzhong generals. Colonel Director of Retainers Zhong Yao sent Zhang Ji to persuade General Ma Teng and the others. Explaining the advantages and dangers, Zhang Ji won their agreement. Ma Teng sent his son Ma Chao with over ten thousand men to join Zhong Yao. They heavily defeated Gao Gan and Guo Yuan, beheaded Guo Yuan, and received Gao Gan's and the chanyu's surrender. Gao Gan later rebelled again with Bing Province. Zhang Sheng of Henei, with over ten thousand unattached followers, raided between Xiao and Mian, while Wei Gu of Hedong and Zhang Yan of Hongnong raised troops in support. Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed Zhang Ji Consultant and adviser on Zhong Yao's military affairs, sending him west to summon Ma Teng and the other generals. They brought troops against Zhang Sheng and his allies, defeated them, and beheaded Zhang Yan and Wei Gu. Gao Gan fled to Jing Province. Zhang Ji was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wushi Village.

As Taizu (Cao Cao) prepared to campaign in Jing Province, Ma Teng and others held separate parts of Guanzhong. He again sent Zhang Ji to persuade them to relinquish their followers and request return to court. Ma Teng agreed but hesitated afterward. Fearing a change, Zhang Ji sent orders urging the counties to prepare provisions and the two-thousand-shi officials to welcome him outside their cities. With no alternative, Ma Teng went east. Taizu (Cao Cao) memorialized to appoint Ma Teng Minister of Guards and his son Ma Chao a general in command of his followers. When Ma Chao later rebelled, Zhang Ji accompanied Taizu (Cao Cao) in defeating him at Huayin and settling the west. As Intendant of Jingzhao, Zhang Ji conciliated displaced people and restored counties and towns, winning popular affection. When Wei was established, he became a Master of Writing, then left as Inspector of Yong Province. Taizu (Cao Cao) told him: “Returning you to your home province may be called walking by daylight in embroidered robes.” He accompanied the campaign against Zhang Lu, taking a separate route through Sanguan against rebellious Di and gathering their wheat to supply the army. After Zhang Lu surrendered, Zhang Ji urged relocating tens of thousands of Hanzhong households to replenish Chang'an and the Three Adjuncts. Later he and Cao Hong defeated Wu Lan at Xiabian. He also campaigned with Xiahou Yuan against Song Jian and separately attacked and pacified Lintao and Didao.

Taizu (Cao Cao) was then relocating people to replenish the region north of the Yellow River. The inhabitants of Longxi, Tianshui, and Nan'an frightened one another and became unsettled. Zhang Ji gave officers and commanders from the three commanderies leave and exemption from duties to repair their houses and build water-powered mills. The people's hearts settled. When Taizu (Cao Cao) intended to withdraw Hanzhong's defenders, he feared Liu Bei would move north to obtain the Di of Wudu and threaten Guanzhong. Asked for advice, Zhang Ji said: “Encourage them to move north toward grain supplies and escape the enemy. Give generous favor and rewards to the first arrivals. Seeing the advantage gained by those ahead, the rest will follow.” Taizu (Cao Cao) accepted. He personally went to Hanzhong to bring out the armies and sent Zhang Ji to Wudu, relocating over fifty thousand Di settlements to the borders of Fufeng and Tianshui.

CommentaryThe Annotations to the Selected Records of the Three Adjuncts says: While Zhang Ji was still a child, commandery Officer of Merit You Yin recognized his exceptional quality and invited him home. Zhang Ji respectfully agreed. You Yin returned first and ordered a guest feast prepared. When Zhang Ji arrived, You Yin's wife laughed: “Have you lost your senses? Zhang Derong (Zhang Ji) is only an immature child. What kind of unusual guest is he?” You Yin said: “Do not find it strange. He has the capacity of a regional governor.” He discussed the strategies of hegemons and kings with Zhang Ji. After the meal he entrusted his son You Chu to him. Zhang Ji modestly declined, but You Yin insisted. Since You Yin was an esteemed elder of the region and his wishes difficult to refuse, Zhang Ji agreed. You Yin had earlier been at odds with Colonel Director of Retainers Hu Zhen, who falsely accused and killed him. Over a month after You Yin's death, Hu Zhen became ill and repeatedly said: “I admit my guilt! I admit my guilt! Officer of Merit You (You Yin) is bringing ghosts!” He then died. Guanzhong people said: “Alive, he had the clarity to judge men; dead, the potency of an honored spirit.” His son You Chu, courtesy name Zhongyun, became Magistrate of Puban. When Taizu (Cao Cao) settled Guanzhong, Hanxing Commandery lacked an administrator. Asked about it, Zhang Ji praised You Chu's civil and military abilities, and he was appointed, later transferring to Longxi. The Weilüe says: You Chu was generous in spirit. Wherever he governed, he emphasized kindness and virtue and disliked punishments and executions. During Taihe, Zhuge Liang advanced west of Mount Long, alarming the officials and people. The administrators of Tianshui and Nan'an abandoned their commanderies and went east. You Chu alone held Longxi, summoning the officials and people: “Your administrator has shown no kindness or virtue. Now Shu's army has arrived, and the other commanderies have responded. This is an opportunity for you to gain wealth and rank. I was appointed to guard the commandery for the state and must die in righteousness. You may take my head and carry it to the enemy.” All wept and said: “We shall share life and death with Your Excellency and hold no divided allegiance.” You Chu continued: “If you do not wish that, I have a plan. The two eastern commanderies have fallen away, and the enemy must come. Let us hold firmly together. If state relief arrives, the enemy must withdraw, and our commandery's loyalty will win everyone rank and favor. If relief fails and Shu presses harder each day, taking your administrator to surrender will still not be too late.” The officials and people defended the city. Nan'an indeed brought Shu troops against Longxi. Hearing of their arrival, You Chu sent Chief Clerk Ma Yong outside to form ranks. From the wall he told the Shu commander: “If you can block Mount Long and prevent the eastern armies from coming up for a month, Longxi's officials and people will submit without attack. If you cannot, you merely exhaust yourselves.” He ordered Ma Yong to beat the drums and attack, and the Shu men withdrew. Over ten days later the armies crossed Mount Long, and Zhuge Liang was defeated and fled. Nan'an and Tianshui suffered destruction for responding to him, and both administrators received severe punishments. For his achievement You Chu became a ranked marquis, while his chief clerk and subordinates received appointments. Praising his government, the emperor specially permitted him to attend court and enter the hall. Short in stature but loud-voiced, You Chu had never attended an imperial audience during his official career and did not know the procedure when summoned up the steps. The emperor ordered a Palace Attendant to guide him. At the call “Administrator of Longxi, advance,” he should have answered softly “Wei,” but responded loudly “Nuo!” The emperor looked at him and laughed, then commended and encouraged him. After the audience, You Chu requested to remain in palace service and became Commandant Escorting the Imperial Son-in-Law. Unlearned in books but fond of excursions and music, he kept singers and performers on pipa, zheng, and xiao, taking them on journeys. Wherever he went, he played chupu and pitch-pot, amusing himself delightedly. Several years later he again left the capital as Administrator of Beidi and died in his seventies.

At this time Yan Jun of Wuwei, He Luan of Zhangye, Huang Hua of Jiuquan, Qu Yan of Xiping, and others all rebelled with their commanderies, called themselves generals, and attacked one another. Yan Jun sent his mother and son to Taizu (Cao Cao) as hostages, seeking aid. Asked for advice, Zhang Ji said: “Outwardly they borrow the state's authority; inwardly they grow arrogant and rebellious. Once their plans are settled and their strength sufficient, they will rebel again. We are now occupied with settling Shu. Better preserve both sides and let them fight, like Bian Zhuangzi stabbing the tigers, gaining their destruction while seated.” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved. Over a year later He Luan killed Yan Jun, and Wang Mi of Wuwei killed He Luan. Liang Province was then not separately established. Everything from the Three Adjuncts to the Western Regions belonged to Yong Province. On succeeding as king, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) first established Liang Province and appointed Administrator of Anding Zou Qi as inspector. Zhang Jin of Zhangye seized the commandery administrator and raised troops to resist Zou Qi. Huang Hua and Qu Yan each expelled the previous administrator and joined him. Zhang Ji advanced to support Colonel Who Protects the Qiang Su Ze, enabling Su Ze's achievement, and advanced in rank to Marquis of Duxiang. Yijianjiqie, Zhiyuanduo, and other Lushui leaders in Liang Province rebelled, throwing Hexi into great disorder. Troubled, the emperor said: “Only Zhang Ji can settle Liang Province.” He recalled Zou Qi and replaced him with Zhang Ji. An edict said: “When Jia Fu requested to attack the rebels of Yan, Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiu) laughed: ‘With the Bearer of the Gilded Mace attacking Yan, what anxiety remains?’ Your planning surpasses other men's. Now is the moment. Act according to circumstances without first requesting approval.” Protector of the Army Xiahou Ru, General Fei Yao, and others were sent to follow. At Jincheng, Zhang Ji intended to cross the river. The generals and administrators argued that their troops were few and the route dangerous, making deep penetration unwise. Zhang Ji said: “Though dangerous, it is not Jingxing's narrow pass. The enemy is an improvised gathering without Li Zuoche's strategy. Wuwei is in danger and must be reached quickly.” He crossed. Over seven thousand enemy cavalry blocked the army at Zhanyinkou. Announcing that he would march through Zhanyin, he secretly took the Qieci route to Wuwei. The enemy regarded this as supernatural and withdrew to Xianmei. After he occupied Wuwei, Fei Yao arrived, while Xiahou Ru and the others had not yet come. Zhang Ji comforted and rewarded his men and intended to attack. The generals all said: “The soldiers are exhausted and the enemy numerous and spirited. We can hardly contest their strength.” He answered: “We have no ready provisions and must supply ourselves from the enemy. If they see our troops assemble and withdraw into deep mountains, pursuit will bring dangerous roads and starvation. If we turn back, they will emerge to raid. Thus our army can never be released. This is what is meant by ‘Releasing an enemy for one day creates trouble for generations.’” He marched to Xianmei. Several thousand enemy cavalry intended to exploit a strong wind to burn the camp, alarming the officers and soldiers. By night Zhang Ji hid three thousand elite men in ambush and had military adviser Chenggong Ying lead over a thousand cavalry to challenge the enemy, instructing them to feign retreat. The enemy indeed rushed after them. The ambush cut their rear while front and rear attacked together, winning a great victory. Those beheaded and captured numbered in the tens of thousands.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Chenggong Ying was from Jincheng. Late in Zhongping he followed Han Yue (Han Sui) as a confidant. During Jian'an, after defeat at Huayin, Han Sui returned to Huangzhong and his followers scattered. Chenggong Ying alone remained. The Dianlüe says: In Huangzhong, Han Sui's son-in-law Yan Xing wished to kill him and surrender. He attacked by night but failed. Han Sui sighed: “When a man is in distress, does disaster arise through marriage?” He told Chenggong Ying: “My kin have deserted, and my followers grow fewer. We must go southwest through Qiang country to Shu.” Chenggong Ying said: “You have commanded armies for decades. Though exhausted and defeated now, why abandon your own house to depend on another?” Han Sui asked: “I am old. What do you propose?” He answered: “Lord Cao (Cao Cao) cannot come so far. Only Xiahou Yuan is here, with too few men to pursue us and unable to stay long. Rest among the Qiang and wait for him to leave. Summon old followers and unite the Qiang and other groups. Something can still be achieved.” Han Sui accepted. Several thousand men and women still followed him, and the Qiang, remembering his former kindness, protected him. When Xiahou Yuan withdrew, he left Yan Xing behind. Han Sui gathered tens of thousands of Qiang and other troops against Yan Xing, who intended to flee. Han Sui then died, and Chenggong Ying surrendered to Taizu (Cao Cao). Delighted to see him, Taizu (Cao Cao) made him Military Adviser and a ranked marquis. On a hunt, three deer ran past, and Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered him to shoot. Three shots struck three deer, each falling at the sound of the bowstring. Clapping his hands, Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Could you give complete loyalty only to Han Wenyue (Han Sui), and not to me?” Chenggong Ying dismounted and knelt: “I will not deceive you. Had my former master remained alive, I truly would not have come here.” Tears choked his voice. Admiring his faithfulness to old ties, Taizu (Cao Cao) treated him with affection and respect. Around Yankang and Huangchu, rebellious plans arose in Hexi. An edict sent Chenggong Ying to assist Liang Province in settling the region west of Mount Long. He died of illness. The Weilüe says: Yan Xing was from Jincheng, later changed his name to Yan Yan, and had the courtesy name Yanming. Renowned for strength from youth, he first served as a junior officer under Han Yue (Han Sui). Early in Jian'an, Han Sui and Ma Teng fought. Ma Teng's son Ma Chao also had a name for strength. Yan Xing once thrust at him with a spear. When it broke, he struck Ma Chao's neck with the broken shaft and nearly killed him. In the fourteenth year, Han Sui sent Yan Xing to Taizu (Cao Cao), who treated him generously and memorialized to appoint him Administrator of Qianwei. Yan Xing requested that his father enter palace attendance. Returning west, he conveyed Taizu (Cao Cao)'s instructions: “Tell Wenyue (Han Sui): I fully understand that circumstances compelled you when you first raised troops. Come early so we may support the dynasty together.” Yan Xing also told Han Sui: “I too act for you, General. More than thirty years have passed since troops were raised. People and soldiers are exhausted, and our territory is narrow. You should submit early. At Ye I personally offered to send my aged father to the capital, sincerely believing that you too should send a son to demonstrate complete loyalty.” Han Sui answered: “Let us watch developments for several more years.” Later he sent his son east together with Yan Xing's parents. Han Sui then went west against Zhang Meng, leaving Yan Xing to guard his old camp. Ma Chao and others plotted rebellion and acclaimed Han Sui commander. On his return, Ma Chao told him: “Earlier Colonel Director Zhong (Zhong Yao) entrusted me with bringing you in. Eastern men can no longer be trusted. I now abandon my father and take you as father. You too should abandon your son and take me as son.” Yan Xing urged Han Sui not to unite with Ma Chao. Han Sui answered: “The generals have agreed without consultation. It seems Heaven has allotted this.” He went east to Huayin. When Taizu (Cao Cao) and Han Sui conversed alongside their horses, Yan Xing stood behind. Taizu (Cao Cao) looked at him and said: “Remember to be a filial son.” After Ma Chao and the others were defeated, Yan Xing accompanied Han Sui back to Jincheng. Knowing his earlier intentions, Taizu (Cao Cao) executed only Han Sui's descendants in the capital. He wrote personally to Yan Xing: “Han Wenyue (Han Sui)'s conduct makes one laugh. I have written to him repeatedly and said everything. How can this be endured again? Your father, the Grand Master of Remonstrance, remains safe. Still, prison is no place to support a parent, and the government cannot maintain other people's old men forever.” Hearing that Yan Xing's father alone survived, Han Sui wished him to share the punishment and thereby unite Yan Xing's allegiance. He forcibly married his youngest daughter to Yan Xing, who could not refuse. Taizu (Cao Cao) indeed grew suspicious. Han Sui sent Yan Xing to command Xiping separately. Yan Xing then organized his followers and fought Han Sui. Defeated, he took his household east to Taizu (Cao Cao), who memorialized to appoint him a ranked marquis.

The emperor was greatly pleased and issued an edict: “You crossed the river through dangers, struck fresh men with tired troops, and defeated many with few. Your achievement surpasses Nanzhong's and your diligence exceeds Yin Jifu's. This service is more than defeating the northern peoples: it secures the region west of the river permanently and frees me from long-term anxiety in the west.” Zhang Ji's fief was transferred to Marquis of Xi District and increased by two hundred households to a total of four hundred.

Su Heng of Jiuquan rebelled and, with Qiang leader Lindai and over ten thousand Dingling cavalry, attacked frontier counties. Zhang Ji and Xiahou Ru defeated them, and Su Heng, Lindai, and the others surrendered. Zhang Ji memorialized for permission to join Xiahou Ru in repairing Zuocheng, building frontier barriers, and establishing beacons and storehouses against further attacks.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Xiahou Ru, courtesy name Junlin, was a younger paternal cousin of Xiahou Shang. He first served as Major of Valiant Cavalry under the Marquis of Yanling (Cao Zhang). The next words read: “Prince Xuan served as General Who Campaigns in the South, supervising Jing and Yu provinces.” [The supplied designation is 宣王; its connection to Xiahou Ru’s career and the intended subject are uncertain.] In the second year of Zhengshi, Zhu Ran besieged Fan, and its commander Yi Xiu and the others urgently requested relief. Xiahou Ru advanced to Dengsai [鄧塞] but dared not proceed because his troops were few. He merely sounded drums and wind instruments and arranged an escort, approaching within six or seven li of Zhu Ran before wheeling away so Yi Xiu and the others could see him from afar. He repeated this for over a month. When the Grand Tutor arrived, they advanced together and Zhu Ran withdrew. People called Xiahou Ru cowardly; others thought he understood how to use a few men to create uncertainty among many and properly relieved the city through a display of force. He was nevertheless recalled as Minister Coachman.

Over twenty thousand settlements of the Western Qiang surrendered in fear. Later Qu Guang and others of Xiping killed their administrator. The generals wished to attack, but Zhang Ji said: “Only Qu Guang and his associates have rebelled; the commandery's people may not all agree. If we immediately bring an army, officials, commoners, Qiang, and others will think the state makes no distinction between right and wrong. This will unite them further and give wings to a tiger. Qu Guang wishes to rely upon the Qiang and other groups. First have those groups raid him, with generous rewards and all captures granted to them. This will weaken his position outside and divide his alliances within. Settlement without battle is certain.” He sent a dispatch announcing pardon for those misled by Qu Guang and rewards and enfeoffment for anyone bringing a rebel leader's head. Qu Guang's followers beheaded him and sent the head. All the rest remained settled as before.

Zhang Ji governed the two provinces for over ten years, renowned for benevolent administration. Those whom he ceremonially recruited—Pang Yan of Fufeng, Yang Fu of Tianshui, Hu Zun of Anding, Pang Yu of Jiuquan, Zhang Gong of Dunhuang, Zhousheng Lie, and others—all eventually attained reputation and office.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: When Zhang Ji was a junior commandery official, Officer of Merit Xu Ying once personally gave him thirty lashes. Xu Ying, courtesy name Boji, belonged to a prominent Fengyi family and became Magistrate of Puban early in Jian'an. Rigid and forthright, he considered his lineage superior to Zhang Ji's and his local reputation more established. Having also formerly humiliated Zhang Ji, he refused to seek favors from him even after learning of his eminence. Though successful, Zhang Ji did not dwell on their origins and still wished for reconciliation. Once, when drunk, he tried to approach Xu Ying familiarly, but Xu Ying deliberately maintained his distance and refused. Xu Ying therefore never advanced further. Contemporaries praised Zhang Ji for not harboring an old grievance and admired Xu Ying's refusal to bend.

Zhang Ji died in the fourth year of Huangchu. An edict said: “Formerly Xun Huanzi (Xun Linfu) established merit in Di territory, and the Marquis of Jin (personal name not supplied in this passage) rewarded him with a thousand-household fief. Feng Yi devoted his strength to Han, and Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiu) enfeoffed his two sons. The late Inspector of Liang Province Zhang Ji welcomed and nurtured the people, bringing the many Qiang into allegiance. He may be called a good minister of the state. His unfortunate death deeply grieves me. Grant his younger son Zhang Wenggui the rank of Marquis within the Passes.” On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, Zhang Ji received the posthumous title Marquis Su (Zhang Ji) <‘Solemn,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Zhang Ji (張緝) succeeded him.

Zhang Ji (張緝) gradually rose from Gentleman of the Palace Secretariat to Administrator of Dongguan. During Jiaping his daughter became empress, and he was summoned as Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with the distinction Holder of Special Rank. His wife Xiang was enfeoffed as Lady of Ancheng District. He conspired with Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Li Feng and was executed. The account appears in Xiahou Xuan's biography.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Zhang Ji (張緝), courtesy name Jingzhong, became Magistrate of Wen during Taihe and was reputed capable in government. When Zhuge Liang advanced, he submitted practical proposals. The emperor consulted Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Sun Zi, who judged him strategically able. He was summoned as Commandant of Cavalry and sent to advise the army against Shu. After the campaign he entered as Gentleman of the Masters of Writing, earning Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s recognition for effective service. Believing him fit for many duties, the emperor had a physiognomist examine him. The man said: “No higher than two thousand shi.” The emperor asked: “How can such talent stop at two thousand shi?” At Dongguan, Zhang Ji commanded several thousand troops. Stingy with wealth but proud of power, once summoned from the commandery because of his daughter he returned to sit at home, restless and unhappy. He repeatedly discussed with the state the strategic conditions for attacking Wu and Shu. He also told the General-in-Chief Sima (Sima Shi) that although Zhuge Ke had won on the frontier, he would soon be executed. Asked why, he answered: “His authority shakes his sovereign and his achievement overshadows the whole state. Can he avoid death?” After Zhuge Ke returned from Hefei, Wu indeed killed him. Hearing it, the General-in-Chief told the others: “Zhuge Ke belongs to the ordinary sort. Recently Zhang Jingzhong (Zhang Ji, 張緝) judged from afar that he must be killed, and it has happened. Jingzhong (Zhang Ji, 張緝)'s wisdom surpassed his.” Zhang Ji and Li Feng had family ties and lived near each other. When Li Feng took temporary leave, Zhang Ji's son Zhang Miao visited to consult him. After Li Feng's arrest, the case implicated Zhang Ji. He was sent to the Commandant of Justice and ordered to die in prison; all his sons were executed together. His grandson Zhang Yin served as Inspector of Liang Province during Jin's Yongxing era, as recorded in the Book of Jin.

Wen Hui, courtesy name Manji, was from Qi in Taiyuan. His father Wen Shu, Administrator of Zhuo Commandery, died when Wen Hui was fifteen. Escorting the coffin home, Wen Hui inherited ample wealth. He said: “The age is disordered. What use is wealth?” He distributed it all at once among his clan. The province and neighborhood esteemed him, comparing him to Xun Yue (郇越; the surname reading remains tentative). Nominated as Filial and Incorrupt, he became Chief of Linqiu, Magistrate of Yanling and Guangchuan, and Chancellor of Pengcheng and Lu, winning praise everywhere. He entered the center as the Chancellor's Registrar, then left as Inspector of Yang Province. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “I very much wished to keep you close, but consider this province's affairs more important. The Documents says: ‘When the limbs are good, the many affairs prosper.’ Should you not have Jiang Ji as Administrative Attendant?” Jiang Ji was then Administrator of Danyang, and Taizu (Cao Cao) sent him back to the province. He also told Zhang Liao, Yue Jin, and the others: “The Inspector of Yang Province understands military affairs. Consult him in both action and rest.”

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan attacked Hefei, while troops from the provinces were all stationed on garrison duty. Wen Hui told Inspector of Yan Province Pei Qian: “The enemy here is insufficient cause for anxiety. I fear a change in the command of the General Who Campaigns in the South. Water is now rising, and Zixiao (Cao Ren)'s army is isolated without distant preparations. Guan Yu is bold and sharp. Advancing upon his advantage, he must create trouble.” The affair at Fan followed. An edict summoned Pei Qian, Inspector of Yu Province Lü Gong, and others, but they delayed. Wen Hui privately told Pei Qian: “This must be the emergency at Xiangyang, and you are wanted there. The summons is not openly urgent because the court does not wish to alarm distant troops. Within a day or two a secret letter will certainly urge you forward, and Zhang Liao and the others will also be summoned. They have long understood the king's intentions. Called later, they will arrive first, and you will be blamed!” Pei Qian followed his advice, leaving baggage behind and departing quickly with lighter equipment. The urgent order indeed arrived. Zhang Liao and the others were soon summoned, just as Wen Hui had assessed.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Wen Hui became Palace Attendant, then left as Administrator of Wei Commandery. Several years later he was promoted to Inspector of Liang Province, bearing credentials and concurrently Colonel Who Protects the Qiang. He died of illness on the road, aged forty-five. An edict said: “Wen Hui possessed the substance of a pillar of state. Serving the late emperor, his diligence and achievement were manifest. In my service he was loyal to the royal house, so I entrusted him with a distant region and its affairs. That his work should remain unfulfilled deeply grieves me.” His son Wen Sheng received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Wen Sheng died young, and the rank lapsed.

After Wen Hui died, Meng Jian of Runan became Inspector of Liang Province, renowned for good government. He rose to General Who Campaigns in the East.

Jia Kui, courtesy name Liangdao, was from Xiangling in Hedong. Even as a child he always arranged his games in military units. His grandfather Jia Xi found him remarkable: “When grown, you must command troops.” He orally taught him several tens of thousands of words of military methods.

He first served as a commandery official and acting Chief of Jiangyi. When Guo Yuan attacked Hedong, every town along his route fell. Jia Kui held firm, and Guo Yuan could not take his city. He summoned the chanyu to combine forces in an urgent attack. As the city was about to collapse, Jiang's elders secured Guo Yuan's promise not to harm Jia Kui. After its fall, Guo Yuan, knowing Jia Kui's reputation, wished to make him a general and threatened him with troops. Jia Kui remained unmoved. Attendants dragged him forward to bow his head, but he shouted: “How can a senior official of the state bow to a rebel?” Angry, Guo Yuan intended to behead him. Hearing this, Jiang's officials and people mounted the wall and cried: “If you break your promise and kill our worthy lord, we would rather die together!” His attendants admired Jia Kui and pleaded for him, obtaining his release from death.

Earlier, passing Pishi, Jia Kui had said: “Whoever first occupies contested ground wins.” When the siege became urgent and he knew escape was impossible, he secretly sent his seal and ribbon back to the commandery with the warning, “Occupy Pishi quickly.” After taking Jiang's people into his force, Guo Yuan intended to advance. Fearing that he would reach Pishi first, Jia Kui used another stratagem to unsettle Guo Yuan's adviser Zhu Ao. Guo Yuan consequently delayed seven days. The commandery followed Jia Kui's advice and avoided defeat.

CommentarySun Zi's Separate Biography says: When nominated Accounts Clerk of Hedong, Sun Zi went to Xu and recommended Jia Kui to the Chancellor's office: “At Jiangyi he led and inspired officials and people against the rebel Guo Yuan. Only when his strength was exhausted was he defeated and captured. His resolve stood straight, his expression and words unbent. His loyal speech was heard by the multitude and his fierce integrity displayed to the age. Even ancient men who stood with bristling hair or faced the cauldron could not surpass him. Combining civil and military talent, he is truly useful today.” The Weilüe says: After Guo Yuan's defeat, Jia Kui learned that Zhu Gongdao had rescued him. Zhu Gongdao, a man of Henan, was later sentenced to death for another offense. Jia Kui tried to save him but could not secure release. He changed into mourning clothes for him.

Later nominated as Flourishing Talent, Jia Kui became Magistrate of Mianchi. When Gao Gan rebelled, Zhang Yan intended to raise troops in support. Unaware of the plot, Jia Kui went to see him. Hearing that rebellion had begun, he wished to return but feared detention, so offered Zhang Yan plans as though sharing the conspiracy. Zhang Yan trusted him. The county administration was then temporarily at Licheng, whose walls and moat were weak. Jia Kui requested troops to strengthen them. Those wishing to rebel disclosed their plans freely, enabling him to execute them all. He repaired the defenses and resisted Zhang Yan. After Zhang Yan's defeat, Jia Kui left office to mourn his grandfather. Recruited as a clerk by the Minister over the Masses, he became Consultant and adviser on the Colonel Director of Retainers' military affairs. Campaigning against Ma Chao, Taizu (Cao Cao) reached Hongnong and called it “the key to the western route,” appointing Jia Kui acting administrator. An audience to discuss plans delighted him, and he told his attendants: “If every two-thousand-shi official were like Jia Kui, what anxiety would remain?” Later, when levying troops, Jia Kui suspected an Agricultural Colony Commandant of concealing fugitives. Considering himself outside the commandery's jurisdiction, the commandant answered disrespectfully. Angry, Jia Kui arrested him, recited his offenses, and beat him until his leg broke. Jia Kui was dismissed for this. Taizu (Cao Cao) nevertheless inwardly admired him and appointed him the Chancellor's Registrar.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Taizu (Cao Cao) wished to campaign against Wu, but prolonged heavy rain made the armies unwilling to go. Knowing this and fearing remonstrance, he ordered: “I am placing the army on alert but have not determined the destination. Anyone who remonstrates shall die.” Receiving the order, Jia Kui told his three fellow registrars: “We truly cannot march now. Even with such an order, we must remonstrate.” He drafted a protest and showed it to them. With no alternative, they all signed and presented it. Taizu (Cao Cao) angrily arrested them. As they were to be sent to prison, he demanded the originator. Jia Kui immediately said, “I originated it,” and hurried to the prison. Since he was a registrar, the jailer did not immediately shackle him. Jia Kui said: “Shackle me quickly. My superior will suspect that because I hold a close post I have asked you for leniency. He will send someone to inspect.” The shackles had just been applied when Taizu (Cao Cao) indeed sent a household attendant to see him. An order afterward declared: “Jia Kui had no evil intention. Pardon him and restore his office.” As a student, Jia Kui read for the broad principles and what could be applied. He most loved the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Tradition. As a regional governor, he set himself a reading schedule and completed it once a month. Earlier at Hongnong, his unresolved official dispute with the Agricultural Colonel provoked anger that caused a swelling on his neck. As it grew, he asked permission for a physician to cut it away. Valuing his loyalty and fearing he would not survive, Taizu (Cao Cao) instructed: “Tell the Registrar: I hear that of ten men who have such swellings cut, nine die.” Jia Kui nevertheless pursued his intention, and the swelling grew larger. His original name was Qu (衢); he later changed it to Kui (逵).

When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned against Liu Bei, he first sent Jia Kui to examine the terrain at Xie Valley. On the road Jia Kui encountered a Water Commandant transporting prisoners in several dozen carts. Because military affairs were urgent, he immediately executed the one serious offender and released all the others. Taizu (Cao Cao) approved, appointing him Grand Master of Remonstrance to manage military plans with Xiahou Shang. When Taizu (Cao Cao) died at Luoyang, Jia Kui supervised the funeral.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: The crown prince was at Ye, and the Marquis of Yanling (Cao Zhang) had not arrived. Officials and people suffered labor service and epidemic disease, creating unrest in the army. Fearing upheaval in the realm, the officials wished to conceal the death. Jia Kui argued against secrecy, formally announced mourning, and ordered everyone within and outside to attend. Afterward each was to remain in his proper place without moving. The Qing Province troops nevertheless beat their drums and left together without authority. People argued that they should be prohibited and attacked if disobedient. Jia Kui said: “The great mourning is under way, the coffin remains unburied, and the successor king has not been established. We should use the occasion to reassure them.” He composed a long dispatch instructing places along their route to supply grain.

The Marquis of Yanling (Cao Zhang), acting as General of Surpassing Cavalry, came from Chang'an for the mourning and asked Jia Kui where the late king's seal and ribbon were. Jia Kui answered gravely: “The crown prince is at Ye, and the state has its designated heir. The late king's seal and ribbon are not something Your Lordship should ask about.” He then escorted the coffin back to Ye.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Ye County had tens of thousands of households beneath the capital, many disregarding the law. Jia Kui was appointed its magistrate. Over a month later he was promoted to Administrator of Wei Commandery.

When the main army campaigned, he again became Registrar and Libationer under the Chancellor. Jia Kui once incurred punishment because of another person's case. The king said: “Even Shuxiang's descendants were to be pardoned for ten generations. How much more Jia Kui, whose achievements reside in himself!” Accompanying the king to Liyang, Jia Kui found disorder among people crossing the ferry. He beheaded the offenders, and order returned. At Qiao he became Inspector of Yu Province.

The realm had only begun to recover, and provincial and commandery discipline was lax. Jia Kui said: “Provincial authorities originally derived from censors sent out to inspect commanderies, examining senior officials of two thousand shi and below under the Six Articles of the edict. Their evaluations therefore speak of stern ability, eagle-like vigor, and talent for supervision, not quiet generosity or kindly virtue. Now senior officials slight the law and robbers act openly. If a province knows but fails to correct this, where can the realm find a standard?” The Military Bureau Attendant had received leave from the previous inspector and returned only several months after Jia Kui's arrival. Jia Kui interrogated the military attendant to death [考竟, understood here in its penal sense]. He memorialized for the dismissal of all officials of two thousand shi and below who had improperly indulged wrongdoing. The emperor said: “Jia Kui is a true inspector.” He proclaimed throughout the realm that Yu Province should be the model and granted Jia Kui the rank of Marquis within the Passes.

Yu Province bordered Wu to the south. Jia Kui improved scouting, repaired armor and weapons, and prepared for defense and battle. The enemy dared not invade. While organizing military affairs outside, he managed the people's business within. He dammed the Yan and Ru to create new reservoirs, diverted mountain streams and the Changxi waters to create the Lesser Yiyang Reservoir, and opened a transport canal over two hundred li long, called the Canal of Marquis Jia (Jia Kui). During Huangchu he campaigned against Wu with the generals, defeated Lü Fan at Dongpu, advanced to Marquis of Yangli Village, and additionally became General Who Establishes Might. On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, his fief increased by two hundred households to a total of four hundred. Sun Quan was then at Dongguan, south of Yu Province and over four hundred li from the river. In raids, his troops went west from Jiangxia or east from Lujiang. State campaigns likewise followed the Huai and Mian. Yu Province's army was stationed at Xiang, while Runan, Yiyang, and the other commanderies merely guarded their borders. Without a threat from the north, Sun Quan could combine troops to relieve eastern or western emergencies and therefore seldom suffered defeat. Jia Kui thought a direct road should be opened toward the river. If Sun Quan defended his own position, neither flank would receive help; if neither flank received help, Dongguan could be taken. [The supplied text repeats the second condition as 二方無救; the precise strategic connection remains uncertain.] Jia Kui moved his camp to Liaokou and presented a plan of attack, which the emperor approved.

Wu generals Zhang Ying and Wang Chong surrendered with their followers. In the second year of Taihe, the emperor ordered Jia Kui to supervise four armies, including General of the Front Man Chong and Administrator of Dongguan Hu Zhi, marching directly from Xiyang toward Dongguan. Cao Xiu advanced from Wan and Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) from Jiangling. At Wujiang Mountain, Jia Kui learned that Cao Xiu had again memorialized that enemy men sought surrender and requested permission to penetrate deeply to receive them. An edict halted Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi)'s army and ordered Jia Kui east to advance with Cao Xiu. Jia Kui judged that the enemy, unprepared at Dongguan, must be concentrating at Wan. If Cao Xiu penetrated deeply and fought, he must lose. He therefore arranged the generals and advanced by land and water. After two hundred li, a captured enemy reported Cao Xiu's defeat and Sun Quan's dispatch of troops to cut Jiashi. The generals did not know what to do; some wished to await the rear army. Jia Kui said: “Cao Xiu has been defeated outside and his return route cut within. He cannot fight forward or return backward. Safety or destruction must be decided before the day ends. The enemy acts thus because our army seems unsupported. Hurry forward unexpectedly, and we seize his spirit first. Seeing us, he must flee. If we wait until the rear army arrives, the enemy will already hold the pass. What benefit then from more men?” He advanced by forced marches, displaying many banners and drums to suggest greater numbers. Seeing him, the enemy withdrew. Jia Kui occupied Jiashi and supplied Cao Xiu with troops and grain, reviving his army. Jia Kui and Cao Xiu had earlier been at odds. During Huangchu, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) wished to grant Jia Kui delegated credentials, but Cao Xiu said: “He is rigid and habitually slights the generals. He cannot supervise them.” The emperor abandoned the plan. Yet after the defeat at Jiashi, without Jia Kui Cao Xiu's army would scarcely have been rescued.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Resenting Jia Kui's late advance, Cao Xiu rebuked him and had the responsible official order the Inspector of Yu Province to collect abandoned weapons. Relying on the rectitude of his purpose, Jia Kui answered: “I became Inspector of Yu Province for the state, not to pick up discarded weapons for you.” He withdrew his army. They submitted accusations against one another. Although the court knew Jia Kui was right, Cao Xiu belonged to the imperial clan and held great responsibility, so neither was formally condemned. The Book of Wei says: Cao Xiu still harbored his earlier feelings and wished to charge Jia Kui with missing the deadline. Jia Kui said nothing, and contemporaries esteemed him all the more. Xi Zuochi says: A worthy man puts himself aside and empties his own pride, humbling himself before others. From where could suspicion and resentment arise? One reputed to harbor resentment must stand in opposition to others, preserving victory and defeat in his own person. If another ruins the state and destroys the people through a private grudge, what benefit is his downfall to me? If I gain nothing, why exploit it? To reason thus is merely the heart of a slave. Now one restrains private anger and urgently addresses another's distress, facing danger to save him. Achievement becomes manifest to an enlightened ruler, kindness reaches the people, one's person rises to the gentleman's path, and righteousness brings shame to an opponent's heart. Even jackals and tigers would scarcely know how to retaliate, much less Cao Xiu! Thus rescuing his danger completes one's own victory, and disregarding old grievances wins his heart. Public righteousness is fulfilled and private advantage enlarged: this may be called skill in competition. Among men not yet able to forget victory, I have never seen anyone achieve it by another path.

Becoming gravely ill, Jia Kui told those beside him: “I have received the state's generous kindness and regret not cutting off Sun Quan's head to present to the late emperor below. In my funeral, nothing new is to be made.” He died and received the posthumous title Marquis Su (Jia Kui) <‘Solemn,’ a posthumous designation>.

His son Jia Chong succeeded him. Yu Province's officials and people remembered him, erecting a stone inscription and shrine. During Qinglong, the emperor campaigned east and entered Jia Kui's shrine in a carriage. An edict said: “Yesterday, passing Xiang, I saw Jia Kui's stele and image and recalled him with sorrow. The ancients said that one should fear failing to establish a name, not failing to live long. Alive, Jia Kui rendered loyal service; dead, he is remembered. He may be called one who dies without perishing. Proclaim this throughout the realm to encourage those who follow.”

During Xianxi, Jia Chong became Central Protector of the Army.

CommentaryLi Fu, courtesy name Zixian, was from Julu. During Xingping the people of his commandery suffered hunger and hardship. Then a student, he planted xie <a kind of allium> to support himself. He would give none to anyone who asked, nor eat a single stalk himself. Contemporaries therefore considered him capable of carrying out a fixed intention. He later became an official. During Jian'an, Yuan Shang, governing Ji Province, appointed him Registrar. When Yuan Shang fought his elder brother Yuan Tan and marched to Pingyuan, he left Assistant Administrator Shen Pei to guard Ye and took Li Fu with him. Taizu (Cao Cao) besieged Ye, and Yuan Shang returned to rescue it. Before arriving, Yuan Shang worried that the garrison was too small and also wanted Shen Pei informed of movements outside. He discussed whom to send with Li Fu. Li Fu answered: “If a lesser man goes, he may not understand conditions within and without, and may be unable to get through. Let me go myself.” Yuan Shang asked what force he would need. Li Fu said: “I hear the siege is tight. Many men would be noticed. Three mounted companions should suffice.” Yuan Shang accepted. Li Fu chose three trustworthy and steady men without telling them their destination. Each was ordered to prepare dried meat and grain, carry no weapons, and take a swift horse. Leaving Yuan Shang, they traveled south and stopped at relay lodgings. At Liangqi, Li Fu had his followers cut thirty interrogation staves and tie them beside the horses. Wearing a flat-topped headcloth, he brought the three riders below Ye at dusk. Although the General-in-Chief had imposed restrictions, many men were still gathering fodder and grazing animals. Li Fu used this opportunity to arrive at night. At the first watch he called himself a supervising commander, passed along the northern siege lines, followed the boundary markers east, and continued south along the eastern line. At every step he scolded the officers guarding the siege and imposed punishments according to their alleged faults. He passed in front of Taizu (Cao Cao)'s camp, continued south, and turned west at the southern corner toward Zhang Gate. Again he angrily accused the guards and had them bound. He opened a gap in the encirclement and galloped to the city wall. Calling upward, he was pulled in by a rope. Shen Pei and the others greeted him with tears and joy, cheering “Ten thousand years!” The siege guards reported what had happened. Taizu (Cao Cao) laughed: “He will not merely get in. He will get out again too.” Having completed his business, Li Fu wished to return. Knowing the outer cordon must now be tight and could not be risked again, yet needing to report promptly, he privately devised a plan. He told Shen Pei: “Grain in the city is short. The old and weak serve no purpose. Better send them out to save food.” Shen Pei agreed. Again at night, several thousand were selected and sent from three gates with white banners to surrender. Everyone was also made to carry a torch. Li Fu and his original companions dressed as surrenderers and left among them. Hearing that the city was surrendering and seeing the brilliant flames, the besieging officers watched the fires instead of guarding the cordon. Li Fu went out the north gate and broke through at the northwest corner. Next morning, hearing he had escaped, Taizu (Cao Cao) clapped his hands and laughed: “Just as I said!” Yuan Shang was delighted when Li Fu returned. Yuan Shang nevertheless failed to rescue Ye, was defeated, and fled to Zhongshan. Yuan Tan pursued him, and he fled again. Separated from Yuan Shang, Li Fu joined Yuan Tan as Registrar and returned east to Pingyuan. Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Yuan Tan, who died in battle. Li Fu returned to the city. Although it was certain to surrender, disorder remained. Wishing to see Taizu (Cao Cao) as an expedient, Li Fu rode to the camp gate and announced that Li Fu, Registrar of Ji Province, wished to report a confidential matter orally. Admitted, he bowed his head and apologized. Asked his message, he said: “Within the city the strong oppress the weak, and all hearts are unsettled. Someone newly surrendered whom those inside know and trust should proclaim your clear instructions.” Taizu (Cao Cao) told him: “You may return and proclaim them.” Kneeling, Li Fu requested the actual order. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Proclaim it according to your judgment.” Li Fu returned and announced: “Each is to remain peacefully in his former occupation. No one may oppress another.” The city settled, and he returned to report completion. Taizu (Cao Cao) considered him highly useful. Slander nevertheless intervened, and he received only an unattached appointment. Sent out as acting Chief of Xie, he became known for stern ability and gradually rose to Colonel Director of Retainers. Already over seventy, he remained incisive in judgment and undiminished in strategic resource. He ended as Administrator of Yangping. His original surname was Feng; he later changed it to Li. Yang Pei, courtesy name Kongqu, was from Wannian in Fengyi. During Chuping he was a secretary in a high ministerial office and was appointed Chief of Xinzheng by written commission. Late in Xingping, when people were poor and hungry, he required them to store more dried mulberries and gather wild beans [䝁豆, the plant term in the supplied text], assessing surpluses to cover shortages. He accumulated over a thousand hu in small granaries. Taizu (Cao Cao), then Inspector of Yan Province, was traveling west to receive the Son of Heaven. His more than a thousand followers had no food. Passing Xinzheng, he received Yang Pei, who presented all the dried mulberries. Taizu (Cao Cao) was delighted. When he assisted the government, Yang Pei was promoted to Magistrate of Changshe. Cao Hong's retainers in the county refused to meet levies according to law. Yang Pei first beat one until his leg broke and then killed him. Taizu (Cao Cao) consequently considered him capable. He successively became Administrator of Jiujiang, Dongping, and Le'an, leaving good administrative records in each. Convicted after a fight with a military supervisor, he received head-shaving and five years of penal labor. Before his term was finished, Taizu (Cao Cao), campaigning at Qiao, heard that people at Ye often disregarded statutes and prohibitions. He ordered the selection of a magistrate as stern and capable as Yang Pei, who was accordingly raised from convict labor to Magistrate of Ye. After the appointment, Taizu (Cao Cao) asked how he would govern. Yang Pei answered: “I shall devote my whole strength to proclaiming and enforcing the laws.” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved and told those seated nearby: “Gentlemen, this man is to be feared.” He bestowed ten persons in servitude and a hundred bolts of silk, both to encourage him and repay the dried mulberries. Before Yang Pei reached Ye, powerful men in the army such as Cao Hong and Liu Xun, fearing his reputation, sent household riders hurrying ahead to warn their younger kinsmen to restrain themselves. [The supplied text corrects the order of 馳騎 to 騎馳.] After several years as magistrate, effective service brought promotion to Commandant Who Protects the Qiang. In the sixteenth year, Ma Chao rebelled and the main army campaigned west. Yang Pei accompanied it and supervised the crossing at Mengjin. Taizu (Cao Cao) had crossed south, but the rest were not yet over. A Palace Yellow Gate attendant had crossed ahead and forgotten an item of traveling equipment [行軒; the exact object is uncertain]. Returning north privately to fetch it, he requested a small boat to cross first. An official rebuked him and refused; they argued. Yang Pei asked: “Do you have written authorization?” He said no. Angry, Yang Pei replied: “How do we know you do not intend to flee?” He had men seize his head and bring a staff to beat him. The attendant escaped with clothes and headcloth torn and complained to Taizu (Cao Cao), who said: “You are fortunate not to have died.” Yang Pei's reputation grew still stronger. After Guanzhong was conquered, he replaced Zhang Ji as acting Intendant of Jingzhao. During Huangchu, refined scholars advanced together. Since Yang Pei had originally been employed for practical administrative ability, he was left as an unattached Consultant in his neighborhood. Throughout his local administrations he had taken no account of private gain and refused to serve influential men for advantage. Thus after retirement he had no reserves. Ill at home, he borrowed lodging with his son and had no other servants or slaves. Later he occupied two qing of wasteland in the Yangting district of Henan [the supplied text marks 夕 before 陽], built a tiny guaniu hut <literally ‘snail-dwelling’; the supplied spelling is 瓜牛>, and lived there while his wife and children suffered cold and hunger. He died of illness. Neighbors, relatives, friends, former officials, and common people arranged his burial.

Appraisal: Since the end of Han, provincial inspectors have supervised all their commanderies and exercised government beyond the center, rather than merely inspecting as formerly. From Taizu (Cao Cao)'s foundation to the completion of Wei's course, these were men whose reputations within that class rested on both name and substance. All thoroughly understood the workings of affairs and displayed both authority and kindness. They could therefore bring order to vast regions and remain celebrated by later generations.