Book of Shu · Biographies of Deng Zhi, Zhang Yi, Zong Yu, and Yang Xi

Deng Zhi, courtesy name Bomiao, was from Xinye in Yiyang, a descendant of Deng Yu, Han's Minister over the Masses. Entering Shu late in Han, he initially received no recognition. Zhang Yu, a provincial administrative officer, was skilled in physiognomy. Deng Zhi visited him, and Zhang Yu said: 'Past seventy, you will reach General-in-Chief and become a marquis.' Hearing that Pang Xi, Grand Administrator of Baxi, welcomed scholars, Deng Zhi went to depend upon him. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) <the retrospective designation for Shu's founding ruler> secured Yi Province, Deng Zhi supervised Pi's storehouses. Visiting Pi, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) spoke with him, found him extraordinary, and promoted him to Magistrate of Pi, then Grand Administrator of Guanghan. Wherever he served, he governed purely and strictly with results. He entered court as Master of Writing.

The Former Lord (Liu Bei) died at Yong'an. Earlier the King of Wu (Sun Quan) <a territorial royal title> had requested peace, and the Former Lord (Liu Bei) repeatedly sent Song Wei, Fei Yi, and others in reply. Chancellor Zhuge Liang feared that news of the Former Lord (Liu Bei)'s death might change Sun Quan's plans and was uncertain how to proceed. Deng Zhi told him: 'Our sovereign (Liu Shan) is young and newly enthroned. A major envoy should reaffirm friendship with Wu.' Zhuge Liang replied: 'I have considered this long but lacked the man. Today I have found him.' Asked who, he said: 'You yourself.' He sent Deng Zhi to renew friendship. Sun Quan was indeed suspicious and delayed receiving him. Deng Zhi memorialized: 'I have come for Wu's sake as well as Shu's.' Sun Quan received him and said: 'I truly wish peace with Shu. But its ruler (Liu Shan) is young, the country small and pressed, and I fear Wei may exploit this and destroy it. Thus I hesitate.' Deng Zhi answered: 'Wu and Shu possess four provinces. Your Majesty (Sun Quan) is an extraordinary hero, and Zhuge Liang outstanding in his age. Shu has formidable terrain, Wu the barriers of the Three Rivers. Combining these strengths, we become lips and teeth, able to advance and annex the realm or withdraw and stand as two legs of a tripod. This follows naturally. But if you submit to Wei, at most it will demand your attendance at court, at least your crown prince's service within. If you refuse, it will proclaim orders against rebellion, while Shu will come downstream and advance upon an opening. Then the lands south of the Yangzi will no longer be yours.' Sun Quan remained silent long, then said: 'You are right.' He broke with Wei, allied with Shu, and sent Zhang Wen in return. Shu again sent Deng Zhi. Sun Quan said: 'If the realm is peaceful and two rulers govern separately, would that not be joyful?' Deng Zhi replied: 'Heaven has no two suns and earth no two kings. After Wei is annexed, if Your Majesty (Sun Quan) has not yet recognized Heaven's mandate, each ruler must cultivate virtue and each minister fulfill loyalty. When we take drumsticks and drums, warfare will only begin.' Sun Quan laughed: 'Is your sincerity so frank!' He wrote to Zhuge Liang: 'Ding Gong is flamboyant—'

'—Yin Hua does not speak fully. Only Deng Zhi can harmonize the two states.' When Zhuge Liang stationed north at Hanzhong, Deng Zhi became Central Supervisor of the Army and General Who Displays Martial Might. After Zhuge Liang died, he became Military Adviser to the Front Army and General of the Front, concurrently Inspector of Yan Province, and Marquis of Yangwu Village (Deng Zhi) <a territorial marquisate>. Soon he commanded Jiangzhou. Sun Quan frequently communicated and gave generous gifts. <Yan Province is written 袞州 here rather than 兗州.>

In Yanxi 6, Deng Zhi became General of Chariots and Cavalry and later received the staff of authority. In Yanxi 11, the people of Fuling killed their commandant and rebelled. Deng Zhi suppressed them, displayed their chiefs' heads, and restored peace.

He died in Yanxi 14.

For more than twenty years as general, Deng Zhi rewarded and punished clearly and decisively and cared for the troops. His clothes and food came from official allowances. He did not strive for austere frugality, but never accumulated private property. His wife and children suffered hunger and cold, and at death the household had no surplus wealth. Firm and straightforward, he did not adorn his intentions or manners and failed to win harmony among scholars. He respected few contemporaries, though he especially valued Jiang Wei. His son Deng Liang inherited the fief, became Gentleman of Left Selection in the Masters of Writing during Jingyao, and Grand Administrator of Guanghan under Jin. <The source places 大, 'great,' parenthetically before 'general.'>

Zhang Yi, courtesy name Bogong, was from Wuyang in Qianwei. His great-great-grandfather Zhang Hao, Minister of Works, and great-grandfather Zhang Gang, Grand Administrator of Guangling, both had distinguished deeds.

After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province and governed it, Zhang Yi became a clerk. Late in Jian'an he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt, became Chief of Jiangyang, then Magistrate of Fuling and Grand Administrator of Zitong, later Guanghan and Shu. In Jianxing 9 he became Commander-in-Chief of Laijiang and General of the Household Who Pacifies the South. Strict in law, he did not win the different peoples' affection. Elder chief Liu Zhou rebelled, and Zhang Yi attacked him. Before victory, he was recalled. His subordinates urged riding immediately to face punishment. He said: 'No. I am recalled because I failed in office amid the Man and Yi's disturbances, but my replacement has not arrived and I remain on the battlefield. I must transport and store grain to destroy the rebels. How can dismissal excuse abandoning public duties?' He continued management diligently and left only when replaced. Ma Zhong used the foundation to defeat Liu Zhou, and Chancellor Zhuge Liang approved. Campaigning at Wugong, Zhuge Liang made Zhang Yi Commander of the Front Army, concurrently Grand Administrator of Fufeng. After Zhuge Liang died, Zhang Yi became Front Army Commander. His earlier service against Liu Zhou was reviewed and he received Marquis Within the Passes (Zhang Yi) <a marquisate without a territorial fief>. In Yanxi 1 he entered court as Master of Writing, gradually advanced to Commander of Jianwei, Bearing the Staff of Authority, Marquis of Du Village (Zhang Yi) <a territorial marquisate>, and General-in-Chief Who Attacks the West.

In Yanxi 18, Zhang Yi returned to Chengdu with Jiang Wei, General of the Guard. When Jiang Wei proposed another campaign, Zhang Yi alone disputed it at court: the state was small, its people weary, and warfare should not be repeated. Jiang Wei refused, took him and the others, and promoted him to General-in-Chief Who Guards the South. At Didao Jiang Wei decisively defeated Wang Jing, Wei's Inspector of Yong Province, with tens of thousands drowning in the Tao. Zhang Yi said: 'We may stop. Advancing may ruin this great success.' Jiang Wei angrily replied: 'You add feet to a snake!' He besieged Wang Jing at Didao but could not take the city. Since Zhang Yi's dissent, Jiang Wei disliked him, yet always took him on campaign, and Zhang Yi had no choice. In Jingyao 2 he became General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Left, concurrently Inspector of Ji Province. In Jingyao 6 he was with Jiang Wei at Jiange, and they surrendered together to Zhong Hui at Fu. In the first month of the following year he followed Zhong Hui to Chengdu and was killed by mutinous troops.

Zong Yu, courtesy name Deyan, was from Anzhong in Nanyang. During Jian'an he followed Zhang Fei into Shu. Early in Jianxing, Chancellor Zhuge Liang made him Registrar, then Army Adviser and General of the Household of the Right. After Zhuge Liang died, Wu feared Wei might exploit Shu's weakness and added ten thousand defenders at Baqiu, both to assist and to seize territory if opportunity arose. Hearing this, Shu reinforced Yong'an against unexpected trouble. Zong Yu went as envoy to Wu. Sun Quan asked: 'East and west are like one family. Why have you increased Baidi's defenders?' Zong Yu replied: 'I think Wu's reinforcement of Baqiu and Shu's reinforcement of Baidi are both appropriate to circumstances. Neither needs to question the other.' Sun Quan laughed, admired his frankness, and treated him with close favor, ranking his respect below only Deng Zhi and Fei Yi. Zong Yu became Palace Attendant, then Master of Writing.

In Yanxi 10 he became Colonel of Garrison Cavalry. Deng Zhi, General of Chariots and Cavalry, returned from Jiangzhou to court and asked him: 'Ritual says a man does not serve in arms at sixty. Why are you only now receiving troops?' Zong Yu replied: 'You do not relinquish troops at seventy. Why should I not receive them at sixty?'

Deng Zhi was proud; even General-in-Chief Fei Yi and the others yielded, but Zong Yu alone would not. On another mission east, Sun Quan grasped his hand and wept at parting: 'You repeatedly bear commissions joining our states in friendship. Now you are old and I too decline. I fear we shall not meet again!' He gave Zong Yu a hu measure of great pearls.

Zong Yu returned and became General of the Rear, commanding Yong'an, then General-in-Chief Who Attacks the West and Marquis Within the Passes (Zong Yu) <a marquisate without a territorial fief>. In Jingyao 1, illness brought recall to Chengdu. Later he became General-in-Chief Who Guards the Army, concurrently Inspector of Yan Province. When Protector-General Zhuge Zhan first managed court affairs, Liao Hua visited Zong Yu wishing to call upon Zhuge Zhan together. Zong Yu said: 'We are past seventy and have received more than enough. We lack only one death. Why seek anything from young men and bustle to their doors?' He would not go.

Liao Hua, courtesy name Yuanjian, originally named Chun, was from Xiangyang. As Registrar to Guan Yu, General of the Front, he fell under Wu after Guan Yu's defeat. Wishing to return to the Former Lord (Liu Bei), he feigned death, which people believed, then took his aged mother west day and night. Meeting the Former Lord (Liu Bei) on the eastern campaign at Zigui, he delighted him and became Grand Administrator of Yidu. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) died, he became Army Adviser to the Chancellor, later Commander of Guangwu, gradually advancing to General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Right, Bearing the Staff of Authority, concurrently Inspector of Bing Province, and Marquis of Zhong District (Liao Hua) <a territorial marquisate>. Renowned for courage and resolution, he equaled Zhang Yi in rank and stood above Zong Yu.

In spring of Xianxi 1, Liao Hua and Zong Yu were both moved into Luoyang and died from illness on the road.

Yang Xi, courtesy name Wenran, was from Wuyang in Qianwei. In youth he shared renown with Cheng Qi, courtesy name Gonghong, of Baxi, Yang Tai, courtesy name Jiru, of Ba, and Zhang Biao, courtesy name Boda, of Shu. He always ranked Cheng Qi foremost, and Chancellor Zhuge Liang understood this deeply. In his twenties Yang Xi rose from provincial clerk to Administrative Officer Supervising the Army, responsible for prisons. His legal judgments and resolution of doubts were called fair, and headquarters recruited him as an officer and Registrar. After Zhuge Liang died, he became Gentleman of the Right Selection Section of the Masters of Writing. Inspector Jiang Wan requested him as Administrative Aide. When Jiang Wan opened headquarters as General-in-Chief, he recruited him as Eastern Section assistant, then promoted him to Southern Gentleman of the Household and Army Adviser, deputy to the Commander-in-Chief of Laijiang, concurrently Grand Administrator of Jianning. Illness brought recall to Chengdu, where he became Protector and Supervisor of the Army, later Grand Administrator of Zitong, then Colonel of Archers Who Shoot by Sound. Wherever he served he was pure, restrained, and untroublesome. In Yanxi 20 he followed General-in-Chief Jiang Wei to Mangshui. He had never accepted Jiang Wei inwardly, and his drunken jokes often mocked him. Outwardly generous but inwardly resentful, Jiang Wei could not bear it. After the campaign officials followed his wishes in accusing Yang Xi, who was reduced to commoner status. He died in Jingyao 4.

Though simple, indolent, and sparing in manner, Yang Xi never flattered or treated others beyond his true feelings. His official writings rarely filled a sheet. Yet he was devoted to old friends, sincere, and generous. Han Yan and Li Tao of Baxi had been close since childhood. Later Han Yan was disabled by chronic illness and Li Tao cast off for misconduct. Yang Xi managed relief for them, maintaining former affection. Few esteemed Qiao Zhou, believing him unfit for contemporary affairs. Yang Xi alone honored him, saying: 'In later generations, none of us will equal this tall fellow.' Discerning men valued him for it.

Zhang Biao possessed dignified bearing. Initially equal to Yang Xi in reputation and rank, he later became Master of Writing, Commander of Laijiang, and General of the Rear, dying before Yang Xi. Cheng Qi and Yang Tai both died young.

In Yanxi 4, Yang Xi composed the Eulogies of the Assisting Ministers of the Latter Han. Most of those praised already appear in the History of Shu, so the work is recorded below. Those who died afterward were not added posthumously; thus some deserving notice are absent. For those praised here who have no biography, I have added accounts of their careers beneath the verses, allowing a rough knowledge of their outlines.

Formerly King Wen of Zhou (Ji Chang) <a posthumous royal title> was sung for virtue and King Wu of Zhou (Ji Fa) <a posthumous royal title> for his rise. Rulers answering their age establish themselves and practice the Way not only for one time, but by founding a basis and planting a succession that shines in later generations. Since the end of our Middle Han, royal order lost its hold, heroes rose together, burdens multiplied and troubles joined, and living people were trampled. The ruler of the age (Liu Bei) was moved to concern. Beginning in Yan and Dai, his humane reputation spread; traveling through Qi and Lu, his heroic influence flowed; lodging his enterprise in Jing and Ying, he won rulers' and ministers' hearts; seeking Wu and Yue's support, he became the reliance of wise and foolish; displaying might in Ba and Shu, he shook ten thousand li; sharpening armies in Yong and Han, he forced the chief enemy to withdraw. Thus he continued Gaozu (Liu Bang)'s original beginning and restored imperial Han's sacrifices. Yet the treacherous and wicked remained dangerous, and Heaven's punishment had not fallen. Like the army assembled at Mengjin, it still awaited battle at Mingtiao. Heaven's allotted fortune ended, and suddenly he fell ill. Though he gathered rule toward unity and joined the myriad states in alliance, the outstanding men who supported him were drawn by his enlightened virtue: a splendid company to behold. I therefore recount their fine influence together for later listeners. The verses follow.

From the emperor's surviving stock, branching through the eight directions, a separate line from Zhongshan gathered spiritual essence. Born in answer to the time, outstanding, he rose like a dragon. Beginning in Yan and Dai, he dominated Yu and ruled Jing; Wu and Yue relied upon him, seeking alliance at his fame. Holding Ba and spanning Shu, he joined Yong and Han. Heaven and Earth regained order; ancestral sacrifices found peace. Following the foundation and earlier tracks, he spread virtue's fragrant name. The central lands admired him, his voice like the Lord of the West (Ji Chang). He opened blessings for later ages, flourishing through the years. —Eulogy of Emperor Zhaolie (Liu Bei) <a posthumous imperial title>. <The opening emperor is not personally named in this verse; the dynastic ancestry is preserved without supplying an uncertain identification.>

Loyal and martial, outstanding and lofty, he offered plans beside the river, joined Wu and linked Shu, securing our sovereign of the age (Liu Bei). Receiving the dying ruler's trust, he served as an Aheng, ordered warfare and harmonized civil affairs. He spread virtue and teaching, governed things and transformed customs; wise and foolish strove wholeheartedly, all forgetting themselves. He greatly pacified the country and soothed the distant borders, repeatedly entered enemy territory, displaying authority indeed. He devoted himself to the great state, regretting it remained unpacified. —Eulogy of Chancellor Zhuge (Zhuge Liang).

The Minister over the Masses possessed a pure influence; consulted and praised, he discerned and cherished men, his worthy voice ringing clear. —Eulogy of Minister Xu (Xu Jing).

Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were martial and bold, devoting themselves to rescue the age, supporting and bearing up their sovereign (Liu Bei), vigorous as fierce tigers. As shields on either side, they flew like lightning, relieving difficulty and assisting their lord's great enterprise. Their deeds matched Han Xin and Geng Yan, their fame paired in virtue. Yet their dealings lacked courtesy, bringing treachery upon both. We mourn their careless judgment: they fell while upholding the state. —Eulogy of Guan Yunchang (Guan Yu) and Zhang Yide (Zhang Fei).

The General of Agile Cavalry rose in force, joining alliances, beginning action in the Three Qin and holding the river and Tong Pass. His family's plans at court sometimes differed, sometimes agreed; the enemy used the opening, his household shattered and army lost. Turning from his former course toward virtue, he attached himself to phoenix and dragon. —Eulogy of Ma Mengqi (Ma Chao).

Marquis Yi (Fa Zheng) <a posthumous marquisate title> planned well, judging the age's rise and decline. Entrusting himself to his ruler (Liu Bei), he instructed and advised; brief reflection produced comprehensive plans, and events revealed their turning points. —Eulogy of Fa Xiaozhi (Fa Zheng).

The Military Adviser reached excellence, his refined spirit shining. He gave his life to an enlightened ruler (Liu Bei), loyalty rising from his breast. Holding righteousness as his principle, he lost himself to repay kindness. —Eulogy of Pang Shiyuan (Pang Tong).

The general was steadfast and strong, crushing fronts and climbing difficulties. He established merit and deeds, a mainstay of his time. —Eulogy of Huang Hansheng (Huang Zhong).

The Army Administrator's pure integrity stood lofty and constant. He oversaw forthright counsel; the people remember his guiding order. —Eulogy of Dong Youzai (Dong He).

The General Who Secures the Distant held firm purpose, truly excellent and vigorous. Lightly valuing wealth, brave and resolute, he faced difficulty without confusion. With few he resisted many, preserving the enterprise in distant lands. —Eulogy of Deng Kongshan (Deng Fang).

Kongshan's personal name was Fang. He was from Nan Commandery and followed the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu as an administrative officer of Jing Province. After Shu was secured, he became Commandant of the Qianwei Dependent State; when its name changed to a commandery, he became Grand Administrator of Zhuti. Selected as General Who Secures the Distant and Commander-in-Chief of Laijiang, he stationed at Nanchang County. He died in Zhangwu 2. His deeds are lost, so no biography was made. <This gives Zhangwu 2, differing from Zhangwu 1 in Li Hui's biography.>

The General Who Displays Awe possessed ability, sighing in civil and martial concerns. In office he fulfilled responsibilities, cheerful and discerning in action. He planned increase and distributed wealth with righteousness and order. —Eulogy of Fei Binbo (Fei Guan).

Binbo's personal name was Guan, and he was from Meng in Jiangxia. Liu Zhang's mother was Fei Guan's clanswoman of his father's generation; Liu Zhang also married a daughter to him. In Jian'an 18 Fei Guan served in Li Yan's army resisting the Former Lord (Liu Bei) at Mianzhu and surrendered with Li Yan. After securing Yi Province, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) made him Assistant General. Later he became Grand Administrator of Ba and Commander-in-Chief of Jiangzhou. In Jianxing 1 he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Du Village (Fei Guan) <a territorial marquisate> and additionally General Who Inspires Awe. He was skilled in social relations. Protector-General Li Yan was proud; Protector of the Army Fu Kuang and others near his age and rank could not be intimate with him, yet Fei Guan, more than twenty years younger, associated freely as a peer. He died at thirty-seven. His deeds are lost, so no biography was made.

The Colonel of Garrison Cavalry served his old lord (Liu Zhang), holding integrity without change. Accepting his first commission, he devoted himself to the age's standards. Military resources depended on him; he arranged and supported them. —Eulogy of Wang Wenyi (Wang Lian).

The Master of Writing held purity in esteem, disciplined in conduct and person. He raised his purpose in righteousness and savored the classical texts. Following his lofty influence, one might rival the ancients. —Eulogy of Liu Zichu (Liu Ba).

The General Who Secures Han was composed and refined, related by marriage or received as guest. Honored in his time, he was a minister who followed proper conduct. —Eulogy of Mi Zizhong (Mi Zhu).

The Lesser Treasurer was careful and prudent; the Grand Herald enlightened and true. The Remonstrating Grandee practiced hidden virtue; the Colonel of Scholars knew Heaven. They proclaimed great transformation, some leading and some supporting. —Eulogy of Wang Yuantai (Wang Mou), He Yanying (He Zong), Du Fuguo (Du Wei), and Zhou Zhongzhi (Zhou Qun). <Du Wei's courtesy name appears as 輔國, Fuguo, here, rather than 國輔, Guofu, in his biography.> <The final contrast 或首或林 is difficult; "supporting" is an interpretive rendering of 林, whose intended reading remains uncertain.>

Wang Yuantai's personal name was Mou. From Hanjia, he possessed dignified bearing and conduct. Under Liu Zhang he became Grand Administrator of Ba, then provincial Administrative Aide. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province and governed it, he made Wang Mou Attendant Officer. Upon becoming King of Hanzhong (Liu Bei) <a territorial royal title>, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) appointed respected Jing-Chu elders Lai Gong of Lingling as Minister of Ceremonies, Huang Zhu of Nanyang as Minister of the Household, and Wang Mou as Lesser Treasurer. Early in Jianxing, Wang Mou received Marquis Within the Passes (Wang Mou) <a marquisate without a territorial fief> and later succeeded Lai Gong as Minister of Ceremonies. Lai Gong, Huang Zhu, and Wang Mou's deeds are all lost, so no biographies were made. Lai Gong's son Lai Gong, 厷, was a senior clerk in the Chancellor's Western Section, following Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong, and died young. Grieving, Zhuge Liang wrote to Chief Clerk Zhang Yi and Army Adviser Jiang Wan at the remaining headquarters: 'The clerks have lost Lai Gong and the assistants Yang Yong. The loss to court affairs is great.' Yang Yong too was from Jing Province. Later General-in-Chief Jiang Wan asked Zhang Xiu: 'Hanjia formerly had Wang Yuantai (Wang Mou). Who succeeds him now?' Zhang Xiu replied: 'No one in the whole province succeeds Yuantai (Wang Mou), much less our humble commandery!' Such was his esteem. <The father is 賴恭, the son 賴厷, both transcribed Lai Gong.>

He Yanying's personal name was Zong. From Pi in Shu Commandery, he studied under Ren An of Guanghan and thoroughly investigated his arts, sharing Du Qiong's teacher but surpassing his reputation. Under Liu Zhang he became Grand Administrator of Qianwei. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province and governed it, he recruited He Zong as Libationer among the Administrative Officers. Later He Zong cited prophetic charts and texts to urge the Former Lord (Liu Bei) to assume the imperial title. After accession he became Grand Herald and died during Jianxing. His deeds are lost, so no biography was made. His son He Shuang, courtesy name Han'ou, was witty and humorous in the style of Chunyu Kun and Dongfang Shuo. He became Chief of Shuangbai and died young.

The General of Chariots and Cavalry was lofty and strong, generous in affection. He controlled the strong with the weak and did not fall into danger. —Eulogy of Wu Ziyuan (Wu Yi).

Ziyuan's personal name was Yi, and he was from Chenliu. He followed Liu Yan into Shu. Under Liu Zhang, as General of the Household, he resisted the Former Lord (Liu Bei) at Fu and surrendered. After securing Yi Province, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) made Wu Yi Protector of the Army and General Who Punishes Rebels and took his younger sister as consort. In Zhangwu 1 Wu Yi became Commander-in-Chief of Guanzhong. In Jianxing 8 he entered Nan'an with Wei Yan and defeated Wei general Fei Yao, received a village marquisate, advanced to Marquis of Gaoyang District (Wu Yi) <a territorial marquisate>, and became General of the Left. In Jianxing 12, after Chancellor Zhuge Liang died, Wu Yi commanded Hanzhong as General of Chariots and Cavalry, Bearing the Staff of Authority, concurrently Inspector of Yong Province, and Marquis of Jiyang (Wu Yi) <a territorial marquisate>. He died in Jianxing 15. His deeds are lost, so no biography was made. <The source writes 徙亭侯, 'transferred to village marquis,' in the first enfeoffment clause; its exact construction remains uncertain.>

Wu Yi's younger clansman Wu Ban, courtesy name Yuanxiong, was the son of Wu Kuang, an officer under General-in-Chief He Jin. Renowned for bold chivalry, his offices usually ranked just below Wu Yi's. Under the Former Lord (Liu Bei), he was Army Commander; under the Later Lord (Liu Shan), he advanced to General of Agile Cavalry, Bearing the Staff of Authority, and Marquis of Mianzhu (Wu Ban) <a territorial marquisate>.

The General Who Secures Han governed the south and struck in his old homeland, cutting away weeds and corruption, displaying punishments. He moved many Man and Pu, strengthening state resources. —Eulogy of Li De'ang (Li Hui).

The General Who Assists Han was intelligent, quick, and discerning. From words he thought far; to searching questions he gave ready answers. He supported the age's excellence and harmonized our continuing enterprise. —Eulogy of Zhang Junsi (Zhang Yi).

The General Who Guards the North thought quickly and planned soundly, guiding armies to remove evil and completing affairs in order. Independently entrusted with the eastern corner, his final commission was ill-fated. We grieve for his true intention, exiled and wandering in another land. —Eulogy of Huang Gongheng (Huang Quan).

The Colonel of Yue Cavalry was loyal, strengthening his purpose with reverence. Serving within and outside, he remembered public duty and forgot self. —Eulogy of Yang Jixiu (Yang Hong).

The General Who Attacks the South was substantial and dignified; the General Who Attacks the West loyal and capable. They commanded the age's chosen men, the vigor of fierce generals. —Eulogy of Zhao Zilong (Zhao Yun) and Chen Shuzhi (Chen Dao).

Shuzhi's personal name was Dao, and he was from Runan. He followed the Former Lord (Liu Bei) from Yu Province. His reputation and position usually stood below Zhao Yun's; both were renowned for loyalty and courage. Early in Jianxing he reached Commander-in-Chief of Yong'an and General Who Attacks the West and was enfeoffed as a village marquis.

The General Who Guards the South was rugged and strong; the Army Supervisor valued sincerity. Both undertook military duties, holding responsibility on the borders. —Eulogy of Fu Yuanbi (Fu Kuang) and Liu Nanhe (Liu Yong).

Fu Yuanbi's personal name was Kuang, and he was from Xiangyang. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu, he became Grand Administrator of Ba after Yi Province was secured. During Jianxing he moved to the post of General Who Guards the South, then became General of the Right and Marquis of Zhong District (Fu Kuang) <a territorial marquisate>. Liu Nanhe's personal name was Yong, and he was from Yiyang. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu, he became Grand Administrator of Jiangyang. During Jianxing he advanced to Supervisor of the Army and General of the Rear and received Marquis Within the Passes (Liu Yong). He died, and his son Liu Shi succeeded. His younger son Liu Wu was a literary man, sharing fame with Fan Jian, and likewise reached Master of Writing. <This Liu Yong is 劉邕, distinct from Liu Bei's son 劉永, also transcribed Liu Yong.>

The Minister of Agriculture's natural talent made his exposition clear and sound; his words and reasoning were beautiful, shining with ornament. —Eulogy of Qin Zichi (Qin Mi).

Zhengfang (Li Yan) received the dying ruler's trust and learned the plan for succession. Neither declaring nor agreeing, he created this dissension; expelled in his time, he lost his responsibilities and undertaking. —Eulogy of Li Zhengfang (Li Yan).

Wenchang (Wei Yan) was forceful and rough, receiving command amid difficulty, breaking enemy attacks and preserving the borders. Without concord or harmony, he forgot principle and spoke disorder. We hate his end and regret his beginning: such was his nature. —Eulogy of Wei Wenchang (Wei Yan).

Weigong (Yang Yi) was narrow and impatient, seeking distinction from others. At ease he reached reason; under pressure he injured and encroached. Abandoning obedience for danger: thus speaks the Great Changes. —Eulogy of Yang Weigong (Yang Yi).

Jichang (Ma Liang) was good and substantial; Wenjing diligent toward his fellows. Shiyuan's words gave guidance; Churen's humanity was heard in counsel. Kongxiu and Wenxiang possessed talent or goodness. Widely they expressed their purposes, fragrant orchids of Chu. —Eulogy of Ma Jichang (Ma Liang), Wei Wenjing, Han Shiyuan, Zhang Churen (Zhang Cun), Yin Kongxiu (Yin Guan), and Xi Wenxiang (Xi Zhen). <The personal names of Wei Wenjing and Han Shiyuan are lost in the following account.>

Wenjing and Shiyuan's personal names, deeds, and home commanderies and counties are all lost. Churen's original personal name was Cun, and he was from Nanyang. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu as a Jing Province administrative officer, he went south to Luo and became Grand Administrator of Guanghan. He had never accepted Pang Tong. After Pang Tong died from an arrow, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) praised and lamented him. Zhang Cun said: 'Though Pang Tong's loyal devotion is regrettable to lose, he violated the principles of great refinement.' The Former Lord (Liu Bei) angrily replied: 'He gave his life to fulfill humanity, yet you call him wrong?' Zhang Cun was dismissed and soon died from illness. His deeds are lost, so no biography was made. Kongxiu's personal name was Guan. As Registrar and Attendant Officer of Jing Province, he appears in the Former Lord (Liu Bei)'s biography. His home commandery and county are lost. Wenxiang's personal name was Zhen, and he was from Xiangyang. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu, he served as Magistrate of Luo and Pi and Grand Administrator of Guanghan. His deeds are lost. His son Xi Zhong reached Gentleman of the Masters of Writing. <The source inserts 南, 'South,' parenthetically before Guanghan.>

Guoshan's fine influence, Yongnan's profound thought; Shengheng and Chengbo, speaking when concealed or when timely; Sunde was decisive and sharp, Weinan sincere and constant; Dexu and Yiqiang, strong in purpose and firm in spirit. Together they cultivated resolve, the fragrance of Shu. —Eulogy of Wang Guoshan (Wang Fu), Li Yongnan (Li Shao), Ma Shengheng (Ma Xun), Ma Chengbo (Ma Qi), Li Sunde (Li Fu), Li Weinan (Li Chao), Gong Dexu (Gong Lu), and Wang Yiqiang (Wang Shi).

Guoshan's personal name was Fu, and he was from Qi in Guanghan. He liked judging and discussing people. Under Liu Zhang he was a provincial clerk. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Shu, Wang Fu became Magistrate of Mianzhu, then Administrative Officer for Deliberation in Jing Province. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) against Wu, he was killed in the defeat at Zigui. His son Wang You resembled him and became Gentleman of the Right Selection Section of the Masters of Writing. Yongnan's personal name was Shao, and he too was from Qi in Guanghan. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Shu, he became provincial clerk and divisional administrative officer. In Jianxing 1 Chancellor Zhuge Liang recruited him to the Western Section. During the southern campaign, Li Shao remained as Administrative Aide. He died that year.

Shengheng's personal name was Xun; Chengbo's was Qi. Both were from Langzhong in Baxi. Ma Xun was a provincial clerk under Liu Zhang. After securing Shu, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) recruited him as an officer in the General of the Left's staff. He later became provincial Attendant Officer and died. Ma Qi was Merit Officer to Grand Administrator Zhang Fei, who recommended him to the Former Lord (Liu Bei). He became Gentleman of the Masters of Writing. During Jianxing he served as an assistant to the Chancellor, then Grand Administrator of Guanghan, and again Army Adviser. After Zhuge Liang died, he became Master of Writing. <The source inserts 飛, 'Fei,' parenthetically in the second army-adviser appointment; its connection is uncertain.> Ma Xun and Ma Qi were distinguished for ability, but their local trust and acceptance did not equal Yao Zhou's. Yao Zhou, courtesy name Zixu, was also from Langzhong. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province, he became a clerk under the Merit Officer. In Jianxing 1 he became Grand Administrator of Guanghan. Chancellor Zhuge Liang, stationed north at Hanzhong, recruited him as an assistant. He recommended both civil and military men. Zhuge Liang said: 'No loyal benefit exceeds recommending men, yet each recommender usually favors what he values. Assistant Yao (Yao Zhou) preserves both strength and gentleness to broaden civil and military service. He may be called broadly refined. I hope all assistants will emulate him and fulfill this expectation.' He became Army Adviser and, after Zhuge Liang died, gradually advanced to Vice Director of the Masters of Writing. Contemporaries admired his genuine sincerity and purity. He died in Yanxi 5, after the eulogies were composed.

Sunde's personal name was Fu, and he was from Fu in Zitong. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province, he served as clerk, Chief of Xichongguo, and Magistrate of Chengdu. In Jianxing 1 he became Grand Administrator of Baxi, then Commander of Jiangzhou and General Who Displays Awe. Entering court as Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Pingyang Village (Li Fu) <a territorial marquisate>. Early in Yanxi, General-in-Chief Jiang Wan campaigned toward Hanzhong, and Li Fu served as Front Supervisor of the Army and concurrently Major. He died. <The source prints 楊威, Yangwei, in the military title rather than the usual 揚威.>

Weinan's personal name was Chao, and he was Li Yongnan (Li Shao)'s elder brother. He was commandery Merit Officer, recommended as Filial and Incorrupt, became Magistrate of Linqiong, then Attendant Officer. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) east against Wu, he died at Yong'an in Zhangwu 2.

Dexu's personal name was Lu, and he was from Anhan in Baxi. After the Former Lord (Liu Bei) secured Yi Province, he became a commandery administrative officer and General of the Standard Gate. In Jianxing 3 he became Grand Administrator of Yuexi and followed Chancellor Zhuge Liang south. He was killed by the Man and Yi at thirty-one. His younger brother Gong Heng became Army Commander during Jingyao. Yiqiang's personal name was Shi, and he was from Qi in Guanghan, an elder cousin of Wang Guoshan (Wang Fu). After following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu, he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt, became Chief of Tallies and Credentials, then General of the Standard Gate, and went out as Grand Administrator of Dangqu, later Qianwei. During Chancellor Zhuge Liang's southern campaign he was transferred to Yi Commandery. Going south, he was killed by the Man and Yi.

Xiuyuan slighted the enemy, harming the time and bringing disaster. Wenjin devoted himself and shared this downfall. Trouble arose from one man and spread greatly. —Eulogy of Feng Xiuyuan (Feng Xi) and Zhang Wenjin (Zhang Nan).

Xiuyuan's personal name was Xi, and he was from Nan Commandery. Following the Former Lord (Liu Bei) into Shu, he became Army Commander on the eastern campaign against Wu and commanded the armies, suffering great defeat at Xiaoting. Wenjin's personal name was Nan. He too followed the Former Lord (Liu Bei) from Jing Province into Shu, led troops against Wu, and died with Feng Xi. There was also Fu Rong of Yiyang. As the Former Lord (Liu Bei) withdrew, he fought in the rear until his troops were all dead. Wu's general urged surrender. Fu Rong cursed: 'Dogs of Wu! How could a Han general surrender?' He died fighting. His son Fu Qian became Gentleman of the Household of the Left and later Commander-in-Chief of Guanzhong. In Jingyao 6 he too gave his life in danger. Commentators admired the father and son's successive loyalty and righteousness.

The Administrator of Jiangyang was firm and resolute, establishing integrity under an enlightened ruler (Liu Bei). Meeting the enemy with joined forces, he would not bend, a solitary man at his duty, giving his life in the army. —Eulogy of Cheng Jiran (Cheng Ji).

Jiran's personal name was Ji, and he was from Langzhong in Baxi. Under Liu Zhang he was Chief of Hanchang. The county contained Cong people, strong and fierce, whom Gaozu (Liu Bang) had formerly used to settle Guanzhong. Amid disorder, Pang Xi, Grand Administrator of Baxi, thought the commandery required military defense and recruited many followers. Slanderers told Liu Zhang that Pang Xi intended rebellion, and Liu Zhang secretly suspected him. Hearing this, Pang Xi feared and planned self-defense, sending Cheng Ji's son Cheng Yu to explain and request troops. Cheng Ji replied: 'The commandery did not originally gather troops for rebellion. Though slanders intervene, the essential is complete sincerity. To become disloyal simply from fear is no principle I recognize.' He instructed his son: 'I received the province's kindness and must fulfill duty to its governor (Liu Zhang). You serve the commandery and must exert yourself for its administrator (Pang Xi). Do not change your intention because of me.' Pang Xi warned: 'Your son is here. If you disobey the administrator (Pang Xi), your household faces disaster!' Cheng Ji said: 'Formerly General Yue Yang drank soup made from his son. Father and son did not lack affection: great righteousness required it. Even if you cook my son, I will drink.' Realizing Cheng Ji would not support him, Pang Xi earnestly apologized to Liu Zhang and escaped blame. Hearing this, Liu Zhang promoted Cheng Ji to Grand Administrator of Jiangyang. When the Former Lord (Liu Bei) governed Yi Province, he recruited Cheng Ji as Libationer among the Administrative Officers. Later he accompanied the campaign against Wu. After the army's defeat he returned upstream. Someone warned: 'Pursuers are here. Cast off and go lightly to escape.' Cheng Ji said: 'In military service I have never fled the enemy. How much less, following the Son of Heaven (Liu Bei), can I flee at danger?' The pursuers caught his boat. He fought with his halberd and overturned enemy vessels, but many arrived and attacked together, killing him.

Young Gonghong (Cheng Qi) was outstanding in rare excellence. His life ended at twenty: we mourn that his gifts were not displayed. —Eulogy of Cheng Gonghong (Cheng Qi).

Gonghong's personal name was Qi. He was Cheng Jiran (Cheng Ji)'s son.

For fugitive ministers of antiquity, ritual required pressure before departure. These men resented the governing officer and ignored great kindness. Offering no correction or rescue, they turned away and fled, cutting themselves off and becoming a laughingstock of two states. —Eulogy of Mi Fang, Shi Ren, Hao Pu, and Pan Jun. <The source writes 糜 for Mi Fang's surname here, differing from 麋 elsewhere.>

Mi Fang, courtesy name Zifang, was from Donghai and served as Grand Administrator of Nan Commandery. Shi Ren, courtesy name Junyi, was from Guangyang and was a general stationed at Gong'an under Guan Yu. Estranged from Guan Yu, they rebelled and welcomed Sun Quan. Hao Pu, courtesy name Zitai, was from Yiyang. When the Former Lord (Liu Bei) entered Shu from Jing Province, he made Hao Pu Grand Administrator of Lingling. Deceived by Wu general Lü Meng, he opened his city and joined him. Pan Jun, courtesy name Chengming, was from Wuling. Upon entering Shu, the Former Lord (Liu Bei) made him Jing Province's Administrative Aide, overseeing affairs left behind. He too lacked harmony with Guan Yu. After Sun Quan attacked Guan Yu, Pan Jun entered Wu. Hao Pu rose to Minister of Justice, Pan Jun to Minister of Ceremonies and a marquisate.

Appraisal: Deng Zhi was firm, upright, straightforward, and clear, forgetting his household in public office. Zhang Yi resisted Jiang Wei's eagerness; Zong Yu met Sun Quan's severity. All deserve praise. Yang Xi's judgments aimed to stand apart from the crowd, yet his intelligence and capacity had shortcomings, and he nearly met the age's calamities.