VOLUME 18 · ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Book of Wei · Biographies of Li Dian, Li Tong, Zang Ba, Wen Pin, Lü Qian, Xu Chu, Dian Wei, Pang De, Pang Yu, and Yan Wen

By Chen Shou · With source commentary

Li Dian, courtesy name Mancheng, was from Juye in Shanyang. His paternal clan uncle Li Qian possessed heroic spirit and gathered several thousand households of retainers at Chengshi. During Chuping he brought them to Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a temple name conferred posthumously>, defeated the Yellow Turbans at Shouzhang, and accompanied the campaigns against Yuan Shu and Xu Province. During Lü Bu's rebellion, Taizu (Cao Cao) sent Li Qian back to Chengshi to reassure the counties. Lü Bu's Assistant Administrator Xue Lan and Administrative Attendant Li Feng invited Li Qian to rebel with them. He refused, and they killed him. Taizu (Cao Cao) put Li Qian's son Li Zheng in command of his troops. Li Zheng and the generals defeated Xue Lan and Li Feng, then helped pacify Yan Province's counties, gradually rising to Inspector of Qing Province. After Li Zheng died, Li Dian transferred to Magistrate of Yingyin and General of the Household, taking command of Li Zheng's army.

He was promoted to Administrator of Lihu.

While Taizu (Cao Cao) and Yuan Shao faced one another at Guandu, Li Dian led his clan and followers in transporting grain and silk to the army. After Yuan Shao's defeat, Li Dian became a subordinate general stationed at Anmin. When Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at Liyang, Li Dian and Cheng Yu were sent to convey military grain by boat. Yuan Shang dispatched his Administrator of Wei Commandery Gao Fan to hold the river and block the waterway. Taizu (Cao Cao) instructed Li Dian and Cheng Yu: “If the boats cannot pass, unload and use the land route.” Li Dian told the generals: “Gao Fan's army has little armor, relies on the river, and is complacent. An attack must succeed. An army is not controlled from the interior. If it benefits the state, independent action is permissible. We should strike at once.” Cheng Yu agreed. They crossed north over the river, defeated Gao Fan, and reopened the waterway. Liu Biao sent Liu Bei north to invade as far as Ye (葉). Taizu (Cao Cao) sent Li Dian with Xiahou Dun against him. Liu Bei suddenly burned his camp and withdrew. Xiahou Dun led the armies in pursuit, but Li Dian said: “The enemy retreats without cause; there must be an ambush. The southern road is narrow and thick with vegetation. We must not pursue.” Xiahou Dun refused and pursued with Yu Jin, while Li Dian remained behind. They indeed entered an ambush and fought at a disadvantage. Li Dian went to rescue them. Seeing the relief force, Liu Bei dispersed and withdrew. Li Dian accompanied the siege of Ye (鄴). After its fall, he and Yue Jin besieged Gao Gan at Huguan and attacked Guan Cheng at Changguang, defeating both. Promoted to General Who Captures the Enemy and enfeoffed as Marquis of Du Village, he had over three thousand households of clan and followers at Chengshi and requested permission to move them to Wei Commandery. Taizu (Cao Cao) laughed: “Do you wish to imitate Geng Chun?” Li Dian answered modestly: “Timid and of slight achievement, I have received excessive rank and favor. I should bring my whole clan to exert itself. Moreover, campaigns have not ceased, and the capital's surrounding districts should be replenished to control the four directions. I do not imitate Geng Chun.” He moved over thirteen thousand followers and kinsmen to Ye. Taizu (Cao Cao) praised him and promoted him to General Who Defeats the Enemy. He was stationed at Hefei with Zhang Liao and Yue Jin when Sun Quan besieged them. Zhang Liao wished to follow the standing instruction and fight. The three had long been at odds, and Zhang Liao feared the others would not cooperate. Li Dian declared: “This is a great matter of state. The only question is whether your plan is sound. How could I forget public righteousness because of private resentment?” He led his men with Zhang Liao and drove Sun Quan away. His fief increased by a hundred households to a total of three hundred.

Li Dian loved study, prized Confucian refinement, and did not compete with the generals for credit. Toward worthy gentlemen he was respectful and deferential, as though never their equal. The army praised him as an elder of good character. He died aged thirty-six, and his son Li Zhen succeeded him. On ascending the throne, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) <Civil Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> recalled the achievement at Hefei, added a hundred households to Li Zhen's fief, and granted another son of Li Dian the rank of Marquis within the Passes with a hundred households. Li Dian received the posthumous title Marquis Min (Li Dian) <‘Lamented,’ a posthumous designation>.

Li Tong, courtesy name Wenda, was from Pingchun in Jiangxia.

He was renowned for chivalrous conduct between the Jiang and Ru. With Chen Gong (陳恭, distinct from the adviser 陳宮) of his commandery, he raised troops at Langling, attracting many followers. Zhou Zhi commanded over two thousand households and maintained outward harmony but inward hostility toward them. Li Tong wished to kill him, but Chen Gong hesitated. Recognizing his indecision, Li Tong planned alone, arranged a meeting with Zhou Zhi, and killed him after the drinking grew merry. His followers became greatly disturbed. Li Tong led Chen Gong in executing their leaders and took over the whole camp. Later Chen Gong's wife's younger brother Chen He killed Chen Gong and seized his followers. Li Tong defeated Chen He, beheaded him, and sacrificed the head at Chen Gong's grave. He also captured Yellow Turban leader Wu Ba alive and received his followers' surrender. During a severe famine, he exhausted his household wealth in relief and shared husks and dregs with the soldiers. All competed to serve him, and bandits dared not invade.

Early in Jian'an, Li Tong brought his host to Taizu (Cao Cao) at Xu. Appointed General of the Household Who Inspires Awe, he guarded Runan's western border. When Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Zhang Xiu, Liu Biao sent aid, and the imperial army suffered setbacks. Li Tong brought troops to Taizu (Cao Cao) by night, enabling renewed battle. He led the first assault and heavily defeated Zhang Xiu's army, becoming a subordinate general and Marquis of Jiangong. Two counties were divided from Runan and assigned to him as Commandant of Yang'an. His wife's elder paternal uncle broke the law. Chief of Langling Zhao Yan arrested him and sentenced him to death. At that time the power of life and death was decided by regional governors. Li Tong's wife and children wept and pleaded for his life. Li Tong said: “I am joining my strength with Lord Cao (Cao Cao). Righteousness does not allow private interests to displace public duty.” Admiring Zhao Yan's impartial enforcement of law, he formed an intimate friendship with him. During the confrontation at Guandu, Yuan Shao sent an envoy appointing Li Tong General Who Campaigns in the South. Liu Biao also secretly invited him, but he refused both. His relatives and followers wept: “We now hold out alone in peril and lose a great ally. Destruction can be expected at once. Better join Yuan Shao quickly.” Gripping his sword, Li Tong shouted: “Lord Cao (Cao Cao) is discerning and must settle the realm. Though strong, Yuan Shao employs men without proper methods and will finally become his captive. I would die before dividing my allegiance.” He beheaded Yuan Shao's envoy and sent the seal and ribbon to Taizu (Cao Cao). He also defeated commandery bandits Qu Gong, Jiang Gong, Shen Cheng, and others, destroyed their forces, and sent their heads. The Huai and Ru region was settled. His fief transferred to Marquis of Du Village, and he became Administrator of Runan. He then defeated Zhang Chi and over five thousand rebel households gathered at Mount Tao.

Liu Bei and Zhou Yu besieged Cao Ren at Jiangling and separately sent Guan Yu to sever the northern route. Li Tong led his host against him, dismounting to pull away the deer-antler obstacles and enter the encirclement. Fighting as he advanced, he met and escorted Cao Ren's army, his courage surpassing the generals'. He became ill on the road and died aged forty-two. Two hundred households were posthumously added to his fief, making four hundred. On ascending the throne, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) gave him the posthumous title Marquis Gang (Li Tong) <‘Unyielding,’ a posthumous designation>. An edict said: “During the danger from Yuan Shao, people south of Xu and Cai held divided allegiance. Li Tong upheld righteousness without regard for himself and brought the wavering into submission. I greatly commend him. Unhappily he died early. Although his son Li Ji has inherited the rank, his service is not adequately repaid. Li Ji's elder brother Li Xu previously guarded Fan and also rendered service. This family has been steadfast in labor. Appoint Li Ji General of the Household Who Upholds Righteousness and Li Xu General of the Household Who Pacifies the Enemy, honoring them exceptionally.”

CommentaryLi Bing's son Li Zhong, courtesy name Maozeng, became renowned early and served as Gentleman of the Personnel Section and Administrator of Pingyang. The Eulogies of the Lords of Jin says: Li Zhong was praised for pure principles. Chancellor of State Prince Lun of Zhao (Sima Lun) <a territorial Jin princely title> chose him as Major of the Right because of his reputation. Knowing that Sima Lun intended disorder, Li Zhong pleaded illness and refused. Pressured without respite, he ceased sustaining his own life. Gravely ill, he was supported and dragged to receive appointment, then died several days later. He was posthumously granted Regular Attendant Cavalier. His two younger brothers Li Shang, courtesy name Maozhong, and Li Ju, courtesy name Maoyue, both governed commanderies during Yongjia; Li Ju rose to Inspector of Jiang Province. Li Zhong's son Li Shi, courtesy name Jingze, rose to Palace Attendant.

Zang Ba, courtesy name Xuangao, was from Hua in Taishan. His father Zang Jie, a county prison clerk, upheld the law and refused an administrator's wish to execute someone privately. Furious, the administrator had him arrested and sent to headquarters under escort of over a hundred men. Zang Ba, then eighteen, led several dozen followers to intercept them in the hills west of Fei and seize his father. None of the escort dared move. Father and son fled to Donghai, and Zang Ba became renowned for courage and strength. When the Yellow Turbans rose, he followed Tao Qian in defeating them and became Commandant of Cavalry. He gathered troops in Xu Province, joining Sun Guan, Wu Dun, Yin Li, and others with their hosts. Zang Ba was their leader, stationed at Kaiyang. When Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Lü Bu, Zang Ba and his associates brought troops to help Lü Bu. After Lü Bu's capture, Zang Ba hid. Taizu (Cao Cao) offered rewards to find him, received him, and was pleased. He had Zang Ba summon Wu Dun, Yin Li, Sun Guan, and Sun Guan's elder brother Sun Kang. All came. Zang Ba became Chancellor of Langye, Wu Dun Administrator of Licheng, Yin Li of Dongguan, Sun Guan of Beihai, and Sun Kang of Chengyang. Parts of Qing and Xu provinces were assigned to Zang Ba's charge. Earlier in Yan Province, Taizu (Cao Cao) had employed Xu Xi and Mao Hui as generals. Both rebelled during its disorder, then fled to Zang Ba after the province was settled. Taizu (Cao Cao) instructed Liu Bei to tell Zang Ba to send their heads. Zang Ba told Liu Bei: “The reason I could establish myself was precisely that I did not do such things. I have received the lord's kindness in sparing my life and dare not disobey. Yet a ruler capable of kingship or hegemony may be addressed through righteousness. Please speak for me.” Liu Bei reported his words. Taizu (Cao Cao) sighed and told Zang Ba: “This is conduct of the ancients, and you can practice it. That fulfills my wish.” He appointed both Xu Xi and Mao Hui as commandery administrators.

While Taizu (Cao Cao) confronted Yuan Shao, Zang Ba repeatedly led elite troops into Qing Province. Taizu (Cao Cao) could therefore concentrate on Yuan Shao without anxiety about the east. After Yuan Tan's defeat at Nanpi, Zang Ba and his associates came to congratulate him. Zang Ba requested permission to send his younger kinsmen and the generals' fathers, elder brothers, and households to Ye. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Your loyalty and filial devotion do not depend upon this. Formerly Xiao He sent his sons and younger kinsmen to court attendance, and Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) <High Ancestor; the founding Han emperor> did not refuse. Geng Chun burned his home and followed with a coffin, and Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiu) <Luminous Martial Emperor; the founding Eastern Han emperor> did not reject him. How could I act differently?” Amid eastern turmoil, Zang Ba and the others had upheld righteousness, punished violence, and settled the sea-and-Mount-Dai region. None had greater achievement, and all received ranked marquisates. Zang Ba became Marquis of Du Village and additionally General Who Awes the Enemy. He campaigned with Yu Jin against Chang Xi and with Xiahou Yuan against Yellow Turban remnants such as Xu He, winning promotion to Inspector of Xu Province. Wu Zhou of Pei State was Magistrate of Xiapi [the supplied text marks 公 before his name]. Zang Ba esteemed him and personally visited his lodging. A provincial attendant was unlawfully intrusive. Finding his offense, Wu Zhou arrested him and interrogated him to death. Zang Ba esteemed Wu Zhou still more. Campaigning against Sun Quan, Zang Ba led assaults, twice entered Lake Chao, attacked Juchao, and took it. While Zhang Liao campaigned against Chen Lan, Zang Ba was separately sent to Wan against Wu general Han Dang, preventing Sun Quan from aiding Chen Lan. Han Dang sent troops against him at Fenglong, then again tried to intercept him at Jiashi. Zang Ba defeated them and returned to camp at Shu. Sun Quan sent tens of thousands by ship to Shukou, detaching troops to rescue Chen Lan. Hearing that Zang Ba was at Shu, they retreated. Zang Ba pursued through the night, traveling over a hundred li by dawn and striking the enemy from front and rear. In distress, many could not board their ships and plunged into the water. Thus Chen Lan received no aid, and Zhang Liao defeated him. Zang Ba accompanied the campaign at Ruxukou as vanguard with Zhang Liao. Prolonged rain fell. The main army had already reached its destination [the supplied phrase 大軍先及 leaves the precise movement uncertain], water rose, and enemy ships gradually approached. The soldiers were uneasy. Zhang Liao wished to leave, but Zang Ba stopped him: “The lord understands advantage and disadvantage. Would he abandon us?” An order indeed arrived next day. When Zhang Liao reached Taizu (Cao Cao), he told him. Taizu (Cao Cao) approved, appointed Zang Ba General Who Displays Martial Might, and granted delegated credentials. Later Sun Quan requested surrender. Taizu (Cao Cao) returned, leaving Zang Ba with Xiahou Dun and others at Juchao.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Zang Ba became General Who Guards the East, advanced to Marquis of Wu'an District, and supervised the armies of Qing Province. Upon the imperial accession, he advanced to Marquis of Kaiyang, later transferred to Marquis of Liangcheng. He campaigned with Cao Xiu against Wu and defeated Lü Fan at Dongpu. Summoned as Bearer of the Gilded Mace with Holder of Special Rank, he was regularly consulted by the emperor on military matters.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Zang Ba was also called Nukou. Sun Guan was called Yingzi, Wu Dun Annu, and Yin Li Lu'er. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, Zang Ba sent a separate force to Luo. When Taizu (Cao Cao) died, Zang Ba's troops and the Qing Province soldiers thought the realm would fall into disorder and beat their drums and left without authority. On taking power, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) made Cao Xiu supervisor of Qing and Xu. Zang Ba told Cao Xiu: “The state has simply not yet agreed to employ me. If given ten thousand infantry and cavalry, I could range freely south of the river.” Cao Xiu reported this. The emperor, already suspicious over Zang Ba's troops' unauthorized departure, wondered at his continued boldness. On an eastern tour he used Zang Ba's attendance at court to take away his troops.

When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> ascended the throne, Zang Ba's fief increased by five hundred households to a total of thirty-five hundred. He died and received the posthumous title Marquis Wei (Zang Ba) <‘Formidable,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Zang Ai succeeded him.

Zang Ai rose to Inspector of Qing Province and Privy Treasurer. He died with the posthumous title Marquis Gong (Zang Ai) <‘Respectful,’ a posthumous designation>, and his son Zang Quan succeeded him. For Zang Ba's repeated achievements, three of his sons received ranked marquisates and one the rank of Marquis within the Passes.

Sun Guan also rose to Inspector of Qing Province with delegated credentials. He accompanied Taizu (Cao Cao) against Sun Quan, was wounded in battle, and died. His son Sun Yu succeeded him and likewise rose to Inspector of Qing Province.

CommentaryThe Book of Wei says: Sun Guan, courtesy name Zhongtai, was from Taishan. He rose with Zang Ba against the Yellow Turbans and became Commandant of Cavalry. After defeating Lü Bu, Taizu (Cao Cao) had Zang Ba summon Sun Guan and his brother, treating both generously. In campaigns with Zang Ba, Sun Guan always led the assault. His achievement in settling Qing and Xu's rebels ranked next to Zang Ba's, and he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Lüdu Village. Sun Kang also received a ranked marquisate for service. Meeting Taizu (Cao Cao) at Nanpi, they sent their younger kinsmen to reside at Ye. Sun Guan became a subordinate general, then Inspector of Qing Province. In the campaign at Ruxukou he received delegated credentials. A stray arrow wounded his left foot, but he fought fiercely without regard for it. Taizu (Cao Cao) encouraged him: “Your wound is deep, yet your fighting spirit grows stronger. Should you not cherish your person for the state?” Promoted to General Who Inspires Awe, he died from the severe wound.

Wen Pin, courtesy name Zhongye, was from Wan in Nanyang. As Liu Biao's senior general, he defended the north. After Liu Biao died, his son Liu Cong succeeded. When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned in Jing Province, Liu Cong surrendered the province and called Wen Pin to accompany him. Wen Pin answered: “I could not preserve the province. I should merely await punishment.” Only after Taizu (Cao Cao) crossed the Han did Wen Pin appear before him. Asked why he came late, Wen Pin said: “I previously failed to assist Governor Liu of Jing (Liu Biao) in upholding the state. Even after his death, I always wished to hold the Han valley and preserve its territory: alive, not to fail the orphaned and weak; dead, to feel no shame beneath the earth. My plans proved impossible, and matters have reached this point. Truly grieved and ashamed, I lacked the face to appear earlier.” He sobbed and wept. Moved, Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Zhongye (Wen Pin), you are truly a loyal minister.” He treated him with generous courtesy, gave him troops, and sent him with Cao Chun in pursuit of Liu Bei at Changban. After Jing Province was first settled, Jiangxia bordered Wu and its people were uneasy. Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed Wen Pin administrator there, put him in command of northern troops, entrusted him with frontier affairs, and granted the rank of Marquis within the Passes.

Wen Pin and Yue Jin campaigned against Guan Yu at Xunkou. For achievement he advanced to Marquis of Yanshou Village and additionally General Who Punishes Rebellion. He also attacked Guan Yu's baggage at Hanjin and burned his boats at Jingcheng.

On Emperor Wen (Cao Pi)'s accession, Wen Pin advanced to Marquis of Chang'an District and received delegated credentials. In Xiahou Shang's siege of Jiangling, Wen Pin separately camped at Miankou, holding Shifan and independently commanding one force. For effective resistance he became General of the Rear and Marquis of Xinye. Sun Quan personally besieged him at Shiyang with fifty thousand men, pressing urgently. Wen Pin held firm without moving. After over twenty days Sun Quan lifted the siege and withdrew; Wen Pin pursued and defeated him.

Wen Pin's fief increased by five hundred households to a total of nineteen hundred.

Wen Pin spent several decades in Jiangxia, displaying authority and kindness and gaining a name that shook the enemy state. The enemy dared not invade. Households from his fief were divided off to enfeoff his son Wen Dai as a ranked marquis, while his younger clan kinsman Wen Hou received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Wen Pin died with the posthumous title Marquis Zhuang (Wen Pin) <‘Mighty,’ a posthumous designation>. Wen Dai had predeceased him, so Wen Pin's adopted son Wen Xiu succeeded. When Wen Xiu died, his son Wen Wu succeeded.

During Jiaping, Huan Yu of Qiao Commandery became Administrator of Jiangxia. Pure and frugal, with authority and kindness, his reputation ranked next to Wen Pin's.

Lü Qian, courtesy name Zike, was from Rencheng. While in Yan Province, Taizu (Cao Cao) heard of his courage and strategy and appointed him Attendant Official, commanding household troops at Hulu. Jiong Mu and others among the people under Colonel of Xiangben Du Song rebelled and communicated with Chang Xi. Taizu (Cao Cao) replaced Du Song with Lü Qian. On arrival he invited Jiong Mu, the leaders, and several dozen accomplices to food and wine. Selecting strong men to hide nearby, he waited until the guests were drunk and had the ambush kill them all. Reassuring the remaining host, he settled the rebels. Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed him acting Administrator of Taishan. Bordering mountains and sea, the commandery had many people hiding from the age's disorders. Guo Zu, a General of the Household appointed by Yuan Shao, Gongsun Du (公孫犢), and several dozen others held mountain strongholds and raided, distressing the people. Lü Qian brought his household troops, proclaimed kindness and trust, and received their followers' surrender. All those hidden in the mountains emerged and settled into their livelihoods. He selected the strongest as soldiers, giving Taishan an elite force renowned among the provinces and commanderies. Yellow Turbans of Jinan such as Xu He seized senior officials and attacked towns. Lü Qian joined Xiahou Yuan against them, fighting several dozen battles and taking several thousand heads and prisoners. Taizu (Cao Cao) then had him supervise troops from Qing Province's commanderies against Li Tiao and the other Donglai rebels. For his achievement an order declared: “One with firm purpose must accomplish his undertaking: this is what resolute men devote themselves to. Since taking the commandery, you have captured criminals and punished violence, securing the people. Personally facing arrows and stones, you have prevailed in every campaign. Kou Xun established his name in Ru and Ying, and Geng Yan devised his plans in Qing and Yan. Ancient and modern are alike.” Lü Qian was nominated as Flourishing Talent, additionally Commandant of Cavalry, and retained the commandery. For over ten years in Taishan he displayed great authority and benevolence.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Lü Qian additionally became a subordinate general and Marquis of Yishou Village. He was promoted to Inspector of Xu Province and additionally General Who Awes the Enemy. He requested Wang Xiang of Langye as Assistant Administrator and entrusted all civil affairs to him. The world praised his ability to employ worthiness.

CommentarySun Sheng's Miscellaneous Sayings says: Wang Xiang, courtesy name Xiuzheng, was supremely filial. His stepmother was harsh and repeatedly sought to harm him, yet he never relaxed his attentive care. During a bitterly cold month she said: “I wish to eat fresh fish.” Wang Xiang took off his clothes to cut through the ice and seek fish. After a little while the thick ice broke and fish leaped out, which he offered to her. People considered this the effect of filial devotion. After caring for her for over thirty years, he entered office only when she died. His pure sincerity and steadfast character won contemporary esteem. Wang Yin's Book of Jin says: Wang Xiang was over fifty when he first entered office and gradually rose to Colonel Director of Retainers. When the Duke of Gaogui District (Cao Mao) <the territorial title used for this Wei emperor> entered the school, he made Wang Xiang the Three Elders' representative. Wang Xiang rose to Minister of Works and Grand Commandant. When Sima Wenwang (Sima Zhao) first became King of Jin (Sima Zhao) <a territorial royal title held by Sima Zhao>, Minister of Works Xun Yi urged Wang Xiang to offer full obeisance, but he refused. The account appears in the Annals of the Three Young Emperors. On Emperor Wu of Jin (Sima Yan)'s accession, Wang Xiang became Grand Protector and Duke of Jüling [雎陵, the supplied spelling]. He died aged eighty-nine in the fourth year of Taishi [泰始 in the supplied text]. His younger brother Wang Lan, courtesy name Xuantong, became Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. The Eulogies of the Lords of Jin praises Wang Lan's simple conduct and extraordinary virtue. His descendants multiplied, with worthy talents succeeding one another: few families in ancient or modern times could match their flourishing through generations.

Lü Qian gained further merit in suppressing rebels at Licheng. On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, his fief transferred to Marquis of Wannian Village and increased by two hundred households to a total of six hundred. He died, and his son Lü Fan succeeded him; after Lü Fan died, his son Lü Gui succeeded.

Xu Chu, courtesy name Zhongkang, was from Qiao in Qiao State. Over eight chi tall, with a waist measuring ten wei [a traditional circumferential measure], he possessed a powerful, resolute appearance and exceptional strength and courage. Late in Han he gathered several thousand households of young men and clansmen behind strong defenses against bandits. Over ten thousand rebels from Gebei in Runan attacked. Outnumbered, Xu Chu's men fought to exhaustion. When weapons and arrows ran out, he had the men and women gather and prepare stones the size of large vessels and place them at the four corners. He hurled these stones, smashing whatever they struck, and the rebels dared not advance. Food then failed. Pretending to make peace, he traded cattle for provisions. Whenever the enemy came to take the cattle, the animals ran back. Xu Chu stepped out before the lines, took an ox's tail in one hand, and dragged it backward for over a hundred paces. Astonished, the rebels no longer dared take the oxen and fled. People throughout the Huai, Ru, Chen, and Liang region heard and feared him.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) moved through the Huai and Ru region, Xu Chu submitted with his followers. Admiring his strength, Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “This is my Fan Kuai.” That very day he appointed him commandant and brought him into the palace guard. His bold followers all became Tiger Warriors. In the campaign against Zhang Xiu, Xu Chu led the assault, and the heads taken numbered in the tens of thousands. He was promoted to colonel. He accompanied the Guandu campaign against Yuan Shao. Attendant soldier Xu Ta and others then plotted rebellion. Because Xu Chu constantly attended Taizu (Cao Cao), they feared him and dared not act. Waiting for his day off, they entered with concealed knives. At his lodging Xu Chu felt uneasy and immediately returned to duty. Unaware of this, the conspirators entered the tent and were stunned to see him. Xu Ta's expression changed, and Xu Chu detected it and killed them. Taizu (Cao Cao) trusted him still more, going in and out with him always at his side. Xu Chu fought effectively in the siege of Ye and received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. During the Tongguan campaign against Han Sui and Ma Chao, Taizu (Cao Cao) prepared to cross north over the river. Sending the troops first, he remained on the southern bank with Xu Chu and over a hundred Tiger Warriors as rear guard. Ma Chao rushed upon them with over ten thousand infantry and cavalry, arrows falling like rain. Xu Chu said the enemy was numerous and the troops had all crossed: they should leave. He supported Taizu (Cao Cao) into the boat. Pressed by fighting, men crowded aboard until it was too heavy and nearly sank. Xu Chu killed those clinging to it and held a saddle in his left hand to shield Taizu (Cao Cao). When the boatman was killed by a stray arrow, Xu Chu used his right hand to work the boat against the current, barely reaching the far bank. Without him, the danger that day would have been extreme. Later Taizu (Cao Cao) met Han Sui, Ma Chao, and the others on horseback, allowing no attendants except Xu Chu. Relying on his strength, Ma Chao secretly wished to rush him. Having heard of Xu Chu's courage, he suspected the accompanying rider and asked: “Where is your Marquis Tiger (Xu Chu)?” Taizu (Cao Cao) turned and pointed. Xu Chu glared fiercely, and Ma Chao dared not move. They parted. Several days later, in the battle that routed Ma Chao and his allies, Xu Chu personally took heads and was promoted to General of the Household of the Martial Guard. The title Martial Guard began here. Because he was strong as a tiger but simple-minded, the army called him “Tiger Fool.” Thus Ma Chao asked about “Marquis Tiger.” The whole realm still uses the sobriquet, many taking it for his actual name.

Xu Chu was cautious, law-abiding, sincere, grave, and sparing of words. Cao Ren came from Jing Province to court before Taizu (Cao Cao) had appeared. Meeting Xu Chu outside the hall, he invited him into a side room to talk. Xu Chu said: “The king (Cao Cao) is about to come out,” and returned inside. Cao Ren resented this. Someone reproached Xu Chu: “The General Who Campaigns in the South is a weighty minister of the imperial clan. He condescended to invite you. Why refuse?” Xu Chu answered: “Though closely related and important, he is an external commander. I serve within. Conversation in public is enough. What private matter requires entering a room?” Hearing this, Taizu (Cao Cao) cherished him still more and promoted him to General of the Central Firmness. When Taizu (Cao Cao) died, Xu Chu wept and cried until he vomited blood. On ascending the throne, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) advanced him to Marquis of Wansui Village and General of the Martial Guard, supervising the central army's palace guards and forbidden troops, with great intimacy. Earlier, when Xu Chu's Tiger Warriors accompanied campaigns, Taizu (Cao Cao) considered them all brave men and appointed them commanders on the same day. Later several dozen became generals and marquises for achievement, and over a hundred commandants or colonels. All were swordsmen. On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, Xu Chu advanced to Marquis of Mou District with seven hundred households, and one son received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Xu Chu died with the posthumous title Marquis Zhuang (Xu Chu) <‘Mighty,’ a posthumous designation>, and his son Xu Yi succeeded him. His elder brother Xu Ding also became General Who Inspires Awe through military service, supervising Tiger Guards along the patrol routes. During Taihe, the emperor recalled Xu Chu's loyalty and filial devotion, issued an edict praising him, and granted two more descendants the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Xu Yi was killed by Zhong Hui. Early in Taishi [泰始 in the supplied text], Xu Yi's son Xu Zong succeeded him.

Dian Wei was from Jiwu in Chenliu. Imposing in appearance and exceptionally strong, he possessed resolve and integrity and practiced chivalrous service. A Liu family of Xiangyi had a feud with Li Yong of Suiyang, and Dian Wei avenged them. Li Yong, formerly Chief of Fuchun, guarded himself closely. Dian Wei arrived in a carriage carrying chicken and wine, pretending to be a visitor. When the gate opened, he entered with a concealed dagger, killed Li Yong and his wife, then calmly came out and took the sword and halberd from his carriage, departing on foot. Li Yong lived near the market, and the whole market was alarmed. Several hundred pursued but none dared approach. After four or five li Dian Wei met a companion, fought as they withdrew, and escaped. Outstanding men consequently recognized him. During Chuping, when Zhang Miao raised righteous troops, Dian Wei enlisted under Major Zhao Chong. The great standard at the camp gate was so large that no one could hold it. Dian Wei raised it with one hand, astonishing Zhao Chong with his strength. Later serving Xiahou Dun, he repeatedly took heads and became a major. Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned against Lü Bu at Puyang. Lü Bu had a detached camp forty or fifty li west of the city. Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked it at night and took it by dawn. Before he returned, Lü Bu's relief force arrived and fighting broke out on three sides. Lü Bu personally fought through several dozen engagements from dawn until afternoon, pressing the confrontation hard. Taizu (Cao Cao) called for volunteers to break the enemy formation. Dian Wei stepped forward first, leading several dozen volunteers, each wearing two layers of armor, discarding shields and carrying long spears and thrusting halberds. As the western side grew urgent, Dian Wei advanced there. Enemy bows and crossbows sent arrows like rain. Ignoring them, he told his companions: “Tell me when the enemy is ten paces away.” They said: “Ten paces!” He answered: “Tell me at five.” Terrified, they cried urgently: “They are here!” Holding over ten halberds, Dian Wei rose with a great shout. Wherever he struck, men fell. Lü Bu's host withdrew. At dusk Taizu (Cao Cao) could finally retreat. He made Dian Wei commandant, brought him close, and gave him several hundred personal guards constantly surrounding the great tent. Dian Wei was powerful, and his soldiers carefully selected; in battle they always led assaults and broke formations. He was promoted to colonel. Loyal, cautious, and grave, he commonly stood in attendance all day and slept beside the tent at night, seldom returning to his own quarters. Fond of food and drink, he consumed twice as much as others. When given a meal before Taizu (Cao Cao), he drank deeply and swallowed in great gulps. Attendants supplied him in relays, and several were needed to keep up. Taizu (Cao Cao) admired his vigor. He liked large paired halberds and long swords. The army said: “Among the tent's strong men stands Master Dian (Dian Wei), carrying paired halberds of eighty jin.”

Campaigning in Jing Province, Taizu (Cao Cao) reached Wan, where Zhang Xiu surrendered. Delighted, he invited Zhang Xiu and his commanders to a great drinking assembly. As Taizu (Cao Cao) served wine, Dian Wei stood behind with a large axe whose blade was a chi across. Wherever Taizu (Cao Cao) went, Dian Wei raised the axe and stared. Through the whole banquet, Zhang Xiu and his commanders dared not look up. Over ten days later Zhang Xiu rebelled and attacked the camp. Taizu (Cao Cao) fought at a disadvantage and withdrew with light cavalry. Dian Wei fought in the gate, preventing entry. The enemy scattered and entered through other gates. Only a little over ten men remained in Dian Wei's unit, each fighting to the death against ten. As enemies increased around him, he struck left and right with a long halberd, every thrust breaking over ten opposing spears. Nearly all his companions were killed or wounded. Suffering several dozen wounds, he fought at close quarters while enemies grappled him. He seized two enemies under his arms and struck with them, killing men and deterring the rest. Again he rushed forward and killed several. His wounds reopened. Glaring and cursing furiously, he died. Only then did the enemy dare approach. They took his head and passed it around, and the whole army came to inspect his body. Taizu (Cao Cao) withdrew to Wuyin. Hearing of Dian Wei's death, he wept, offered a reward for recovering the body secretly, and personally mourned over it. He sent it home for burial at Xiangyi and appointed Dian Wei's son Dian Man Palace Gentleman. Whenever the imperial carriage passed, sacrifices of the middle offering were made to him. Remembering Dian Wei, Taizu (Cao Cao) made Dian Man a major and kept him close. On succeeding as king, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) made Dian Man commandant and granted the rank of Marquis within the Passes.

Pang De, courtesy name Lingming, was from Huandao in Nan'an.

In youth he served as a commandery official and provincial attendant. During Chuping he followed Ma Teng against rebellious Qiang and Di, repeatedly winning achievement and gradually rising to colonel. During Jian'an, as Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at Liyang, Yuan Tan sent Guo Yuan, Gao Gan, and others to overrun Hedong. Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered Zhong Yao to lead the Guanzhong generals against them. Pang De accompanied Ma Teng's son Ma Chao to oppose Guo Yuan and Gao Gan at Pingyang. Leading the vanguard, he helped rout them and personally beheaded Guo Yuan.

Pang De became General of the Household and Marquis of Du Village. Later Zhang Baiqi rebelled in Hongnong. Pang De again accompanied Ma Teng and defeated him between the two Xiao mountains. Always breaking formations and driving back the enemy, he was foremost in courage in Ma Teng's army. When Ma Teng was summoned as Minister of Guards, Pang De remained with Ma Chao. After Taizu (Cao Cao) defeated Ma Chao south of the Wei, Pang De fled with him to Hanyang and held Ji. Later he followed Ma Chao to Hanzhong and served Zhang Lu. When Taizu (Cao Cao) settled Hanzhong, Pang De surrendered with the rest. Having long heard of his courage, Taizu (Cao Cao) appointed him General Who Establishes Righteousness and Marquis of Guanmen Village, with three hundred households.

When Hou Yin, Wei Kai, and others rebelled at Wan, Pang De led his troops with Cao Ren to take it and beheaded both leaders. He then camped south at Fan. In the campaign against Guan Yu, the generals at Fan were suspicious because Pang De's elder brother was in Hanzhong.

Pang De often said: “I have received the state's kindness and must repay it with death. I wish to strike Guan Yu myself. This year, if I do not kill him, he will kill me.” Later, in direct battle, he shot Guan Yu in the forehead. Riding a white horse, he was called the White-Horse General by Guan Yu's army, which feared him. Cao Ren stationed him ten li north of Fan. Prolonged rain fell for over ten days, and the Han suddenly overflowed, covering the level ground below Fan to a depth of five or six zhang. Pang De and the generals took refuge on a dike. Guan Yu attacked by boat, with large vessels shooting upon the dike from every side. Armored and holding his bow, Pang De loosed no arrow in vain. General Dong Heng, unit commander Dong Chao, and others wished to surrender. Pang De arrested and beheaded them. He fought from dawn until after midday as Guan Yu pressed harder. When arrows ran out, fighting continued with short weapons. Pang De told supervising officer Cheng He: “I have heard that a good general does not fear death and escape dishonorably, nor a resolute man destroy integrity to seek life. Today is the day I die.” He fought with greater fury and spirit, but the water continued rising, and all the officers and soldiers surrendered. With one commander and two wubo <subordinate attendants or runners>, Pang De held a drawn bow and boarded a small boat to return to Cao Ren's camp. The rising water overturned it, and he lost bow and arrows. Alone, clinging to the overturned vessel in the water, he was captured by Guan Yu and stood without kneeling. Guan Yu said: “Your brother is in Hanzhong. I wish to make you a general. Why not surrender early?” Pang De cursed him: “Fellow, what talk is this of surrender! The King of Wei (Cao Cao) <a territorial royal title> commands a million armored men and awes the realm. Your Liu Bei is merely an ordinary talent. How could he oppose him? I would rather be the state's ghost than a rebel's general.” Guan Yu killed him. Hearing it, Taizu (Cao Cao) grieved and wept and enfeoffed two of his sons as ranked marquises.

On succeeding as king, Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) sent an envoy to Pang De's grave to confer a posthumous title. The patent said: “Xian Zhen lost his head and Wang Zhu broke his neck, sacrificing their lives for integrity, and earlier ages admired them. You displayed courage and resolution, entered danger, and established a name whose fame filled your time and whose righteousness surpassed antiquity. I mourn you and grant the posthumous title Marquis Zhuang (Pang De) <‘Mighty,’ a posthumous designation>.” His son Pang Hui and three others each received the rank of Marquis within the Passes with a hundred households. Brave and fierce like his father, Pang Hui rose to General of the Capital Commandant and was enfeoffed as a ranked marquis.

Pang Yu, courtesy name Ziyi, was from Biaoshi in Jiuquan. Initially a provincial attendant in Liang Province acting as Chief of Poqiang, he encountered the rebellion of Administrator of Wuwei Zhang Meng, who killed Inspector Handan Shang. Zhang Meng ordered that anyone mourning Handan Shang would die without pardon. Hearing this, Pang Yu abandoned office and traveled day and night to weep at the funeral. Afterward he went to Zhang Meng's gate with a dagger concealed against his body, intending to kill him during an audience. Recognizing him as a righteous man, Zhang Meng ordered his release without killing him. Pang Yu became renowned for loyalty and fierce integrity.

CommentaryThe Weilüe says: Zhang Meng's soldiers intended to bind Pang Yu. Hearing it, Zhang Meng sighed: “My offense was killing the inspector. This man is known for utmost loyalty. If I kill him too, how could I encourage righteous men throughout the province?” He allowed Pang Yu to observe mourning. The Dianlüe says: Zhang Meng, courtesy name Shuwei, was originally from Dunhuang. His father Zhang Huan served under Emperor Huan (Liu Zhi) through commandery administration, General of the Household, and Minister of Ceremonies. He then lived at Huayin and was buried there. Early in Jian'an, Zhang Meng became commandery Officer of Merit. The four Hexi commanderies, far from Liang Province's seat and separated by river bandits, petitioned for a separate province. An edict appointed Handan Shang of Chenliu Inspector of Yong Province with separate charge of the four commanderies. Wuwei lacked an administrator. Because Zhang Huan had formerly enjoyed authority there, an edict appointed Zhang Meng. Handan Shang and Zhang Meng went west together. Of the same age, they had earlier mocked each other. On the journey to office they exchanged reproaches. After arrival, Handan Shang wished to execute Zhang Meng. Learning this, Zhang Meng led troops against him. Their residences were close. Hearing the troops, Handan Shang climbed onto his roof in fear and called Zhang Meng's courtesy name: “Shuwei (Zhang Meng), do you intend to kill me? If the dead have knowledge, your family too will be destroyed. Can we still reconcile?” Zhang Meng called: “Come.” Handan Shang crossed the roofs to him. After listing his faults, Zhang Meng handed him to an inspector, who confined him at a relay lodging. Handan Shang later tried to escape; the attempt was discovered, and he was killed. This occurred in the fourteenth year of Jian'an. In the fifteenth year General Han Sui attacked Zhang Meng, who sent troops east to resist. Fearing Han Sui, his officials and people turned against him. When Zhang Huan was Administrator of Wuwei and Zhang Meng still unborn, his mother dreamed of wearing Zhang Huan's seal and ribbon and singing from a tower. At dawn she told him. A dream interpreter said: “Your wife is to bear a son who will later govern this commandery. He may surely die in office.” When attacked, Zhang Meng knew death was certain and said: “If the dead have no knowledge, that is the end. If they do, how could I let my head pass east through Huayin before my father's grave?” He climbed a tower and burned himself to death.

Administrator Xu Yi (徐揖) invited Pang Yu as Registrar. Later Huang Ang of the commandery rebelled and besieged the city. Leaving his wife and children, Pang Yu climbed over the wall at night, escaped the siege, and appealed for help to Zhangye and Dunhuang. Initially doubtful, neither commandery would send troops. Pang Yu intended to fall on his sword. Moved by his righteousness, they raised armies. Before relief arrived, the commandery city fell and Xu Yi died. Pang Yu collected his body, escorted it to his home commandery, observed mourning for three years, and only then returned. Hearing of this, Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited him as a clerk. On Emperor Wen (Cao Pi)'s accession, he became Commandant Escorting the Imperial Son-in-Law, then Administrator of Xihai, with the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Later summoned as Central Attending Grand Master, he died, and his son Pang Zeng succeeded him.

Earlier, Pang Yu's maternal grandfather Zhao An had been killed by Li Shou of the same county. Pang Yu's three maternal uncles all died of illness together, and Li Shou's household rejoiced. Pang Yu's mother E grieved that her father remained unavenged. Taking a curtained carriage and concealing a sword in her sleeve, she stabbed Li Shou before the capital township pavilion in broad daylight. Afterward she calmly went to the county authorities, her expression unchanged: “My father's enemy has been avenged. I ask to receive execution.” Chief of Lufu Yin Jia removed his seal and ribbon and released her. She refused to leave, and he had her forcibly carried home. An amnesty subsequently spared her. Provincial and commandery officials praised her and carved a stone to honor her gate.

CommentaryHuangfu Mi's Biographies of Exemplary Women says: The resolute woman Pang Eqin of Jiuquan was wife of Pang Zixia of Biaoshi and daughter of Zhao Jun'an of Lufu. Zhao Jun'an was killed by Li Shou of the same county. Eqin had three younger brothers, all intending vengeance, and Li Shou guarded himself closely. An epidemic killed all three. Delighted, Li Shou summoned his clan to celebrate: “The Zhao family's strong men are gone. Only a weak woman remains. What need for worry?” His defenses relaxed. Eqin's son Pang Yu heard this while out and reported it. Already determined to avenge her father, Eqin was stirred more deeply. Tears fell as she said: “Li Shou, do not rejoice. I shall not let you live! That you still stand beneath Heaven and upon earth is a disgrace to our household and ‘my three sons’ [吾三子; the account elsewhere describes three younger brothers]. How do you know Eqin will not kill you with her own blade? You merely congratulate yourself.” [The precise force of this compressed sentence remains uncertain.] She secretly bought a fine sword and carried both long and short weapons, grieving day and night with her purpose fixed on killing Li Shou. Fierce and powerful, Li Shou heard her words and again rode armed, feared by the neighborhood. A neighboring woman of the Xu family, worried Eqin could not overpower him and would instead be harmed, repeatedly advised restraint: “Li Shou is a man, long wicked, now additionally guarded. Though you possess fierce resolve, strength and weakness do not match. If you fail, you will suffer again at his hands and extinguish the family. The pain and humiliation are not slight. Consider your actions and plan for your household.” Eqin answered: “A parent's enemy cannot share Heaven and Earth, sun and moon with oneself. If Li Shou lives, what do I seek in continuing to breathe? Though my three brothers died early and the household is nearly extinguished, I remain. How could I borrow another's hand? If your heart measured mine, Li Shou could not be killed. Judged by my own heart, it is certain that I shall kill him.” Night after night she sharpened the blade, gripped her wrists, ground her teeth, wept, and sighed. Her household and neighbors all laughed. She told them: “You laugh only because I am a weak woman and cannot kill Li Shou. I shall stain this blade with blood from his neck and let you see.” Abandoning household work, she rode a deer cart to watch for him. Early in the second month of the second year of Guanghe, in clear daylight before the township pavilion, she met Li Shou, dismounted, seized his horse, and shouted at him. Astonished, he turned to flee. She struck with her sword and also wounded the horse. It shied, throwing him into a roadside ditch. She followed and struck at him on the ground, but hit the wooden barrier and broke her blade [樹蘭, the term supplied here]. Wounded but alive, Li Shou guarded his sword as she tried to seize it, glaring and shouting, then sprang up. Eqin threw herself forward, pressed his forehead with her left hand, struck his throat with her right, and grappled and twisted until he fell. Drawing his sword, she cut off his head and brought it to the pavilion to accept judgment. She walked calmly to prison, words and expression unchanged. Chief of Lufu Yin Jia of Hanyang could not bear to sentence her. Removing his seal and ribbon, he resigned and relaxed the law to release her. Eqin said: “Avenging my father and dying myself is my clear duty. Administering prisons and penalties is your established responsibility. How could I cling to life and bend official law?” Hearing of it, the townspeople poured out, standing like walls to watch. All were moved by sorrow, joy, and admiration. The acting commandant dared not release her openly but secretly told her to leave and hide as circumstances allowed. She loudly answered: “Escaping death by bending law was never my purpose. Now that vengeance is fulfilled, death is my portion. Let me submit to law to preserve the state's order. Even ten thousand deaths would fully satisfy Eqin. I dare not cling to life and burden this honorable court.” The commandant still refused her request. Eqin said again: “Though insignificant, a common woman knows the law. Killing is an offense the law does not release. Having committed it, I cannot righteously escape. I ask to receive execution and die in the marketplace, solemnly displaying royal law. This is my wish.” Her words grew fiercer, her face showing no fear. Knowing her determination could not be overcome, the commandant had her carried home by force. Inspector of Liang Province Zhou Hong, Administrator of Jiuquan Liu Ban, and others jointly memorialized, praising her resolute righteousness, erecting an inscribed stone and honoring her gate. Minister of Ceremonies Zhang Huan of Hongnong esteemed her conduct and presented twenty lengths of silk. All who heard within the seas changed expression in admiration, exalting her righteousness. Former Gentleman of the Yellow Gates Liang Kuan of Anding wrote a biography commemorating her. Master Xuanyan (Huangfu Mi) considered that refusing to share Heaven and Earth with a parent's enemy was generally a man's undertaking. Yet Eqin, a weak woman, remembered the cruel humiliation of her father, was stirred by the enemy party's vicious words, and drove her sword at the enemy's neck, bringing down both man and horse. She satisfied her dead father's resentful spirit and washed away her three brothers' lasting regret. No such deed had been seen since near antiquity. The Odes says: “Repair our spears and lances; with you we share the enemy.” This describes Eqin.

Yan Wen, courtesy name Bojian, was from Xicheng in Tianshui. As Assistant Administrator of Liang Province, he acted as Magistrate of Shanggui. Ma Chao fled there, and local men including Ren Yang brought followers to welcome him. Unable to prevent it, Yan Wen hurried back to the provincial seat. Ma Chao then tightly besieged Ji, where the province was based. Yan Wen was secretly sent out to ask Xiahou Yuan for urgent aid. With several layers of siege lines, he slipped out through the water by night. Next day the enemy found his traces and intercepted him at Xianqin's border, bringing him to Ma Chao. Ma Chao unbound him and said: “Success and failure are clear. You sought rescue for an isolated city and fell into others' hands. What use is righteousness? Obey me and tell the city there is no eastern relief. This turns disaster into fortune. Otherwise you will be killed.” Yan Wen pretended to agree. Brought below the walls, he shouted: “The great army will arrive within three days. Hold firm!” Everyone inside wept and cheered “Ten thousand years!” Furious, Ma Chao demanded: “Do you not consider your life?” Yan Wen said nothing. Because the city had long resisted, Ma Chao slowly tried to persuade him, hoping he would change. He asked: “Are there old acquaintances inside willing to join me?” Again Yan Wen said nothing. Pressed with harsh reproaches, he answered: “In serving a lord one may die but not divide allegiance. You wish to make an honorable man utter unrighteous words. Am I one who clings to life?” Ma Chao killed him.

Earlier, disorder west of the river had severed communications. Administrator of Dunhuang Ma Ai died in office, and the headquarters lacked an assistant. Officer of Merit Zhang Gong had long been learned and principled. The people supported him as acting chief clerk, and he gained great authority through kindness and trust. He sent his son Zhang Jiu east to Taizu (Cao Cao) to request an administrator. Huang Hua of Jiuquan and Zhang Jin of Zhangye each held his commandery and wished to combine with Zhang Gong [the supplied text marks 艾, Ai, as a variant after 恭]. At Jiuquan, Huang Hua detained Zhang Jiu and threatened him with naked blades. Unmoved, Zhang Jiu secretly wrote to his father: “You lead and encourage Dunhuang with manifest loyalty and righteousness. How could my danger alter that? Formerly Yue Yang ate his son and Li Tong sacrificed his household. Would a minister managing the state merely cherish wife and children? The great army is about to arrive. Hurry troops to pin the enemy down. Do not let ordinary affection leave me regret beneath the yellow earth.” Zhang Gong sent his younger paternal cousin Zhang Hua against Shatou and Ganqi counties in Jiuquan, then followed with troops to provide mutual support. Separately, he sent two hundred armored cavalry to escort the appointed officials. Following Jiuquan's northern frontier east and going directly through Zhangye's Beihe, they met the new Administrator Yin Feng. Zhang Jin needed Huang Hua's assistance. Huang Hua wished to rescue him but looked west at Zhang Gong's troops and feared an urgent attack on his rear. He therefore surrendered to Administrator of Jincheng Su Ze. Zhang Jiu remained safe, and Yin Feng reached office.

In the second year of Huangchu, an edict praised Zhang Gong, granted the rank of Marquis within the Passes, and appointed him Wuji Colonel of the Western Regions. Several years later he was summoned back for a close court post, with Zhang Jiu replacing him. Reaching Dunhuang, Zhang Gong firmly declined because of severe illness. He died during Taihe and was posthumously granted Bearer of the Gilded Mace. Zhang Jiu later became Administrator of Jincheng. Father and son were renowned in the western provinces.

CommentaryThe Shiyu says: Zhang Jiu's son Zhang Xiao, courtesy name Zuwen, was broad-minded, resolute, capable, and upright. Under Emperor Wu of Jin (Sima Yan) <Martial Emperor; the founding Jin emperor> he was Administrator of Guanghan. Wang Jun, based in Yi Province, received a central command to recruit troops against Wu but had no tiger tally. Zhang Xiao arrested Wang Jun's attendant and reported it, resulting in his own recall. The emperor reproached him: “Why not report secretly rather than immediately arrest the attendant?” He answered: “Shu and Han are extremely distant. Liu Bei once used them to establish power. Even immediate arrest seemed to me a light response.” The emperor approved. Zhang Xiao rose to General of the Household for the Xiongnu. His son Zhang Gu, courtesy name Yuan'an, resembled him, became Gentleman of the Yellow Gates, and died young. Xiao (斅) is written Bo (勃) in one version.

CommentaryThe Weilüe's Biographies of Brave and Chivalrous Men records Sun Binshuo, Zhu Gongdao, Yang Aruo, and Bao Chu. Though Sun Binshuo lived under Han, Yu Huan included him in his Wei history because his life overlapped Wei and his deeds were similar in meaning. In conduct and integrity, all belonged to the class of Pang Yu and Yan Wen. Zhu Gongdao has already appeared in Jia Kui's biography. I now place the other three afterward. Sun Binshuo was from Beihai, his household long poor. Under Emperor Huan of Han (Liu Zhi) <Vigorous Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>, Regular Attendants Zuo Guan and Tang Heng wielded power rivaling the ruler. During Yanxi, Tang Heng's younger brother became Tiger-Fang Commandant of Jingzhao, with a salary equivalent to two thousand shi but subordinate to the commandery. Arriving in office, he showed no respect to the Intendant of Jingzhao and entered the gate without an official tablet. Officer of Merit Zhao Xi shouted from the corridor: “The Tiger-Fang Commandant follows the ceremony of a dependent county. How can he enter headquarters with arms swinging freely?” He ordered the man's registrar arrested. Tang Heng's brother turned and hurriedly called for his tablet. Once he entered, the intendant wished to perform a host's courtesies and ordered purchases outside. Zhao Xi objected: “A younger kinsman of [Zuo] Guan [the supplied parenthetical 左 differs from the surrounding Tang family account] comes as Tiger-Fang Commandant without selection for virtue. No special purchases are deserved. Ordinary vegetables from the household will suffice.” After taking up office, Tang Heng's brother sent a letter thanking the intendant. Zhao Xi instructed the gatekeeper: “Do we not constantly see the younger kin of these eunuchs? Must their letters be admitted?” Only late was it passed in, and no immediate reply was allowed. Knowing everything, Tang Heng's brother was enraged and wished to destroy the Zhao family. He wrote to Tang Heng requesting the Jingzhao intendancy and obtained it within weeks. Recognizing his danger, Zhao Xi fled. Zhao Xi's paternal clan uncle Zhongtai [仲台, the designation supplied here] was then Inspector of Liang Province. Tang Heng procured an edict recalling and sending him home. An order directed the capital inspectors and commandery supervisory officers to arrest every Zhao above the height of a chi, together with Zhongtai, and kill them. Anyone harboring them shared the offense. Zhao Xi's paternal clan uncle Zhao Qi, then Chief of Pishi, heard of the disaster, escaped his official residence, and fled to Hejian. Changing his name, he traveled on to Beihai, wearing a padded headcloth and cloth trousers and selling hu cakes in the market. Sun Binshuo, then in his twenties, entered the market in an ox cart with mounted attendants. Seeing Zhao Qi, he suspected an unusual man and asked: “Are the cakes yours, or do you resell them?” “I resell them.” “For how much do you buy and sell?” “I buy for thirty and sell for thirty.” Sun Binshuo said: “Your appearance does not resemble a cake seller. There must be a reason.” He opened the cart's rear door and told his two riders to dismount and help Zhao Qi inside. Thinking these were the Tang family's agents, Zhao Qi turned pale with fear. Sun Binshuo closed the door and lowered the front curtain: “Your bearing is not that of a cake seller. Now your face changes. You must either have a powerful enemy or be a fugitive. I am Sun Binshuo of Beihai, with a household of a hundred and a mother a hundred years old at home. I can provide protection and will never betray you. Tell me the truth.” Zhao Qi explained everything. Sun Binshuo drove him home, left the carriage outside, and first told his mother: “Today I have found a friend for whom I would die. He is outside and will come to pay respects.” He invited Zhao Qi in, slaughtered an ox, and brought wine for a joyful feast. A day or two later he took him to a separate farm and concealed him in a space within a double wall [衤復壁, the supplied spelling]. Several years later Tang Heng and his brother died. Zhao Qi emerged and returned to his home commandery. The Three Excellencies' offices all recruited him, and successive promotions brought him to commandery administrator, provincial inspector, and Minister Coachman. Sun Binshuo also gained fame in the eastern regions and rose to Inspector of Yu Province. Late in Chuping, eastern famine drove him south to Jing Province. During Xingping, Zhao Qi, as Minister Coachman bearing credentials, was sent to reassure the realm and came south to Jing Province. They met again and wept facing one another. Zhao Qi explained their history to Liu Biao, who treated Sun Binshuo with increased courtesy. Soon Sun Binshuo died of illness. Still in the south, Zhao Qi observed mourning for him. Yang Aruo later took the name Yang Feng, courtesy name Boyang, and was from Jiuquan. Chivalrous in youth, he habitually avenged wrongs and settled feuds. People called him: “Fighting in the eastern market—Yang Aruo! Fighting in the western market—Yang Aruo!” During Jian'an, Administrator Xu Yi (徐揖) executed the powerful Huang family. Huang Ang escaped and used several hu of household resources [粟金數斛, the supplied expression; the division between grain and gold and the exact quantity are uncertain] to recruit over a thousand men against Xu Yi, who defended the city. Yang Feng was outside. Considering Huang Ang unrighteous, he informed Xu Yi, left his wife and children, and went to Zhangye for aid. Zhangye also rebelled, killed its administrator, and combined with Huang Ang after he took the city and killed Xu Yi. Angry that Yang Feng would not join him, Huang Ang offered a large reward for his capture, demanding that Zhangye bind his head with hemp and send him alive. Yang Feng fled. Administrator of Wuwei Zhang Meng appointed him acting commandant and sent him with a proclamation to Jiuquan, permitting vengeance for Xu Yi. Riding alone into the southern Qiang, Yang Feng gathered over a thousand cavalry and emerged from the southern mountains of Leguan toward the commandery city. Thirty li away, he made all the riders dismount and drag brushwood to raise dust. Seeing the dust, Jiuquan's people thought a great eastern army had arrived and scattered. Huang Ang fled alone but was captured by the Qiang. Yang Feng said: “You previously wished to bind my neck alive. Now you are bound by me. What do you say?” Huang Ang apologized in shame, and Yang Feng killed him. Huang Hua, then in the east, returned to take charge of the commandery. Fearing him, Yang Feng again fled to Dunhuang. During Huangchu, Hexi recovered and Huang Hua surrendered, allowing Yang Feng home. The commandery nominated him as Filial and Incorrupt, the province reported his righteous courage, and an edict appointed him Commandant Escorting the Imperial Son-in-Law. He died of illness over twenty years later. Bao Chu, courtesy name Wencai, was from Xinfeng in Jingzhao and practiced chivalrous service in youth. During Xingping, the Three Adjuncts fell into disorder. He lived in his home county with his aged mother and his brothers, five men in all. Hunger forced them to leave their mother guarding the house while they gathered peng seeds. Obtaining several sheng, he sent his elder brothers Bao Chu (鮑初) and Bao Ya and younger brother Bao Cheng home to cook for their mother, remaining with the youngest to gather more. When the first party arrived, several dozen cannibal bandits had seized their mother, threading a rope through her palms and driving her away. Terrified, they dared not pursue. Bao Chu (鮑出) returned soon afterward, learned what had happened, and wished to follow. His brothers said: “The bandits are numerous. What can we do?” He angrily answered: “If our mother has her hands pierced by bandits and is taken to be boiled and eaten, what use is staying alive?” Baring his arms and tying up his clothes, he pursued alone. After several li he caught them. Seeing him, the bandits formed ranks. He attacked from one end, cutting down four or five. They ran, regrouped, and surrounded him. He leaped through the circle, struck again, and killed over ten. Some bandits had meanwhile driven his mother ahead. Unable to defeat him through repeated attacks, the rest fled to join them. He pursued and saw his mother bound on the same rope as an elderly neighbor woman. Again he attacked. They asked: “What do you want?” Reproaching them, he pointed to his mother, and they released her. The neighboring woman remained bound and pleaded from afar. He attacked again. “We have returned your mother. Why not stop?” He pointed to the pleading woman: “She is my elder brother's wife.” They released her too. Recovering his mother, he supported her and took refuge in Nanyang. In the fifth year of Jian'an, Guanzhong began reopening and he returned north. His mother could not walk, and the brothers wished to carry her together in a conveyance. Bao Chu considered wheeling her over dangerous mountain roads less secure than carrying her himself. He placed her in a basket and bore her alone to their home region. Local gentlemen admired his fierce filial devotion and wished to recommend him to the province and commandery. When recruited, he answered: “A farmer cannot manage official cap and belt.” During Qinglong, his mother died aged over a hundred. Bao Chu, then over seventy, mourned according to ritual. Now eighty or ninety, he retains the vigor of a man of fifty or sixty. Yu Huan says: Confucius praised Yan Hui for not departing from humanity for three months, apparently judging his heart. How does that compare with Sun Binshuo and Zhu Gongdao encountering pale hunger in markets and desperate danger in prisons, with concrete deeds to their credit? Why did the Zhou family of Puyang dare not conceal Ji Bu's whereabouts, while Zhu Jia of Lu asked no full explanation? They feared disaster and felt inward unease. Yet the Grand Historian Sima Qian still valued Zhu Jia for finally rescuing Ji Bu. How much greater the righteousness of these two worthies! I have therefore gathered the earlier accounts of Sun and Zhu and recorded the more recent Yang and Bao, both to prevent their disappearance and to strengthen shallow contemporary customs. Bao Chu had not been imbued with ritual instruction. Heartfelt pain stirred him naturally. Though registered as an ordinary commoner, how did he differ from an earnest and resolute gentleman? As for Yang Aruo, chivalrous in youth, he ultimately practiced righteousness, traveling from west to east to destroy disloyal rebels. He may be called brave and humane.

Appraisal: Li Dian prized Confucian refinement and forgot private grievances for righteousness: admirable! Li Tong, Zang Ba, Wen Pin, and Lü Qian secured provinces and commanderies, all displaying authority and kindness. Xu Chu and Dian Wei repelled assaults at their lord's side—surely counterparts to Fan Kuai of Han. Pang De accepted death and rebuked the enemy with Zhou Ke's integrity. Pang Yu did not fear falling on his sword, and his sincerity moved neighboring commanderies. Yan Wen shouted toward the city with a heroic spirit equal to Xie Yang's and Lu Zhonglian's [解、路, the allusions in the supplied appraisal].