Book of Wei · Biographies of Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao, Liu Ye, Jiang Ji, and Liu Fang

Cheng Yu, courtesy name Zhongde, was from Dong'e in Dong Commandery. Eight chi three cun tall, he had a fine beard. When the Yellow Turbans rose, County Assistant Wang Du rebelled in support of them and burned the storehouses. The magistrate climbed over the city wall and fled. Officials and people carried the old and young east to Mount Quqiu. Cheng Yu sent someone to observe Wang Du. Having obtained an empty city that they could not hold, Wang Du and his men had left it and camped five or six li to the west. Cheng Yu told Xue Fang and other leading local men: “We can judge their situation from their inability to remain in a fortified city once they have taken it. They merely wish to plunder property, not undertake attack and defense with strong armor and sharp weapons. Why not lead the people back to hold the city? Its walls are high and thick, and it has abundant grain. If we find the magistrate, return, and hold firm together, Wang Du cannot last long. We can defeat him by attacking.” Xue Fang and the others agreed, but the officials and people refused: “The rebels are in the west. We can only go east.” Cheng Yu told Xue Fang: “One cannot discuss plans with people who do not understand.” He secretly sent several mounted men to raise banners on the eastern mountain. When Xue Fang and his companions saw them, they were to shout, “The rebels have arrived!” and hurry down toward the city. The officials and people ran after them. They found the magistrate and defended the city together. Wang Du attacked but could not take it and wished to leave. Cheng Yu led the officials and people out through the gates in a sudden attack, defeating and driving him away. Dong'e was thereby preserved.

During the Chuping era, Inspector of Yan Province Liu Dai invited Cheng Yu to serve, but he declined. Liu Dai then maintained friendly ties with both Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan. Yuan Shao had his wife and children stay with Liu Dai, while Gongsun Zan sent Attendant Official Fan Fang with cavalry to assist him. Later Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan fell out. Gongsun Zan defeated Yuan Shao's army and sent an envoy telling Liu Dai to expel Yuan Shao's family and sever relations with him. He separately instructed Fan Fang: “If Liu Dai does not send Yuan Shao's household away, bring the cavalry back. After settling Yuan Shao, I shall attack Liu Dai.” Liu Dai debated for days without deciding. Assistant Administrator Wang Yu told him: “Cheng Yu is resourceful and can decide great affairs.” Liu Dai summoned Cheng Yu and asked his advice. Cheng Yu said: “Abandoning Yuan Shao's nearby support to seek Gongsun Zan's distant help is like borrowing a man from Yue to rescue one's drowning child. Gongsun Zan is no match for Yuan Shao. Though he has now defeated his army, Yuan Shao will ultimately capture him. If you pursue a momentary advantage without considering long-term plans, you will eventually fail.” Liu Dai followed his advice. Fan Fang led his cavalry home, but before he arrived, Yuan Shao had heavily defeated Gongsun Zan. Liu Dai memorialized to appoint Cheng Yu Commandant of Cavalry. Cheng Yu declined on grounds of illness.

Liu Dai was killed by the Yellow Turbans. When Taizu (Cao Cao) <Great Ancestor; a temple name conferred posthumously> took charge of Yan Province, he recruited Cheng Yu. As Cheng Yu prepared to leave, his neighbors asked: “Why do your earlier and later decisions contradict one another?” He smiled without answering. Taizu (Cao Cao) was pleased by their conversation and made him acting Magistrate of Shouzhang. When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned in Xu Province, he left Cheng Yu and Xun Yu to guard Juancheng. Zhang Miao and others rebelled and welcomed Lü Bu. The commanderies and counties responded, and only Juancheng, Fan, and Dong'e remained unmoved. A deserter from Lü Bu's army reported that Chen Gong intended personally to lead troops against Dong'e and had sent Fan Yi to take Fan. The officials and people were terrified. Xun Yu told Cheng Yu: “Yan Province has rebelled, leaving only these three cities. If Chen Gong and his allies approach with a powerful army, all three will waver unless their allegiance is deeply secured. You command the people's esteem. Perhaps you can return and persuade them.” Cheng Yu returned, passing through Fan. He told its magistrate Jin Yun: “I hear that Lü Bu holds your mother, younger brother, wife, and children. A filial son can scarcely endure such feelings. Yet the realm is now in great disorder and heroes rise together. There must be a man of the age capable of ending its turmoil. A wise man must carefully choose him. Those who find the right lord prosper; those who lose him perish. Chen Gong has rebelled to welcome Lü Bu, and a hundred cities have responded. It seems that he might accomplish something. But what sort of man do you consider Lü Bu? Coarse within, with little affection, forceful but lacking propriety, he is merely an individual fighter. Chen Gong and the others have temporarily combined through circumstance; they cannot act as true ruler and ministers. Though their troops are numerous, they will ultimately accomplish nothing. Governor Cao (Cao Cao)'s intelligence and strategy are unmatched in a generation, surely Heaven's gift. If you hold Fan and I guard Dong'e, we can achieve a feat like Tian Dan's. How does that compare with betraying loyalty to follow wickedness, only for mother and son to perish together? Consider it carefully!” Jin Yun wept and said: “I dare have no divided allegiance.” Fan Yi had already reached the county. Jin Yun met him, had hidden troops stab him to death, and returned to organize the defense.

Cheng Yu also sent a separate cavalry force to block the crossing at Cangting. Chen Gong arrived but could not cross. On reaching Dong'e, Cheng Yu found Magistrate Zao Zhi had already inspired the officials and people and was firmly defending the city. Attendant Official of Yan Province Xue Ti also cooperated in his plans. Thus all three cities were preserved to await Taizu (Cao Cao). When Taizu (Cao Cao) returned, he took Cheng Yu's hand and said: “Without your efforts, I would have had nowhere to return.” He memorialized to appoint him Chancellor of Dongping, stationed at Fan.

Taizu (Cao Cao) fought Lü Bu at Puyang, repeatedly suffering setbacks. A locust outbreak caused both armies to withdraw. Yuan Shao then sent someone to propose an alliance and wished Taizu (Cao Cao) to move his household to Ye. Having recently lost Yan Province and exhausted the army's food, Taizu (Cao Cao) was about to agree. Cheng Yu had just returned from a mission and was admitted to an audience. He asked: “I privately hear that you intend to send your household away and ally with Yuan Shao. Is it true?” Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Yes.” Cheng Yu answered: “Perhaps the present crisis has frightened you. Otherwise, why have you not considered it more deeply? Yuan Shao holds Yan and Zhao and wishes to unite the realm, but lacks the wisdom to accomplish it. Do you judge yourself capable of serving beneath him? With the might of a dragon and tiger, can you accept the fate of Han Xin and Peng Yue? Though Yan Province is devastated, three cities remain and there are no fewer than ten thousand fighting men. With your inspired martial ability, and with Wenruo (Xun Yu), myself, and the others to gather and employ them, the achievement of a hegemon or true king can be accomplished. I hope you will reconsider!” Taizu (Cao Cao) abandoned the plan.

When the Son of Heaven established his capital at Xu, Cheng Yu became a Master of Writing. Since Yan Province was not yet settled, he was again appointed General of the Household of the East, concurrently Administrator of Jiyin, supervising affairs in Yan Province. After losing Xu Province, Liu Bei came to Taizu (Cao Cao). Cheng Yu urged that he be killed, but Taizu (Cao Cao) refused; the account appears in the Annals of Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) <Martial Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>. Later Taizu (Cao Cao) sent Liu Bei to Xu Province to intercept Yuan Shu. Cheng Yu and Guo Jia told him: “We truly could not understand your earlier failure to deal with Liu Bei. Now that you have lent him troops, he will certainly harbor other intentions.” Taizu (Cao Cao) regretted it, but could not catch him. Yuan Shu then died of illness. Reaching Xu Province, Liu Bei killed Che Zhou and raised troops against Taizu (Cao Cao). Cheng Yu was soon promoted to General Who Inspires Awe. Yuan Shao was at Liyang preparing to cross south. Cheng Yu then held Juancheng with seven hundred men. Hearing this, Taizu (Cao Cao) sent word that he wished to add two thousand troops. Cheng Yu refused: “Yuan Shao commands a hundred thousand and believes no one can stand before him. Seeing how few troops I have, he will certainly despise me and not attack. If you reinforce me, he cannot pass without attacking, and an attack must succeed. We would merely damage our position in both ways. Have no doubts!” Taizu (Cao Cao) accepted. Hearing that Cheng Yu had few men, Yuan Shao indeed did not go there. Taizu (Cao Cao) told Jia Xu: “Cheng Yu's courage surpasses Meng Ben's and Xia Yu's.” Cheng Yu gathered fugitives from mountains and marshes, obtaining several thousand elite troops. He then brought his army to join Taizu (Cao Cao) at Liyang against Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang. After both were defeated and fled, Cheng Yu was appointed General Who Exerts Martial Might and enfeoffed as Marquis of Anguo Village.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned in Jing Province, Liu Bei fled to Wu. Commentators believed Sun Quan would certainly kill him. Cheng Yu assessed matters differently: “Sun Quan has only recently taken power and does not yet command the realm's fear. Lord Cao (Cao Cao) has no equal in the world. Having just taken Jing Province, his might shakes the lands south of the river. Though resourceful, Sun Quan cannot face him alone. Liu Bei enjoys a heroic reputation, and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are each a match for ten thousand men. Sun Quan must rely on them to resist us. Once the danger is resolved and power divided, Liu Bei will have used that support to establish himself, and killing him will no longer be possible.” Sun Quan indeed supplied Liu Bei with many troops to resist Taizu (Cao Cao). [The supplied text records 御 as a variant for 禦 in both occurrences.] Thereafter the central lands gradually became peaceful. Patting Cheng Yu's back, Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “After the defeat in Yan Province, had I not followed your advice, how could I have reached this point?” His kinsmen brought cattle and wine for a great gathering. Cheng Yu said: “One who knows sufficiency avoids disgrace. I may retire.” He memorialized to hand back his troops and closed his door, no longer going out.

Cheng Yu was rigid and contentious by nature and often offended others. When someone accused him of plotting rebellion, Taizu (Cao Cao) treated him still more generously. After Wei was established, he became Minister of Guards but was dismissed after a dispute over ceremonial precedence with Capital Commandant Xing Zhen. When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) ascended the throne, Cheng Yu was restored as Minister of Guards, advanced to Marquis of Anxiang, and granted three hundred additional households for a total of eight hundred. His younger son Cheng Yan and grandson Cheng Xiao received separate ranked marquisates. The emperor was about to make him an Excellency when he died. Shedding tears, the emperor posthumously granted him General of Chariots and Cavalry and the title Marquis Su (Cheng Yu) <‘Solemn,’ a posthumous designation>.

His son Cheng Wu succeeded him. When Cheng Wu died, his son Cheng Ke succeeded; when Cheng Ke died, his son Cheng Liang succeeded.

During the Jiaping era, Cheng Xiao became Gentleman of the Yellow Gates.

The Investigating Officers were then acting with unrestrained arrogance. Cheng Xiao memorialized:

“The Rites of Zhou says: ‘Establish offices and divide duties to provide a standard for the people.’ The Spring and Autumn tradition says: ‘Heaven has ten days, and men have ten ranks.’ The foolish must not oversee the worthy, nor the lowly the exalted. Thus sages and wise men were appointed together to establish good example and reputation. They were tested clearly through achievement, with their performance reviewed after nine years. Each cultivated his own responsibility, his thoughts never exceeding his position. Thus when Luan Shu wished to rescue the Marquis of Jin (personal name not established in this passage), his son would not agree; when dead men lay across a street, Bing Ji did not inquire. Superiors did not demand achievements beyond an official's duty, and subordinates did not seek rewards outside their responsibilities. Officials possessed no authority to control several unrelated functions, and the people were not subjected to two competing services. This is truly the essential way of governing and the basis of order or disorder. “Looking far back to the canonical records and more recently to Qin and Han, although official names changed and functions differed, the principle of honoring superiors, restraining subordinates, distinguishing divisions, and clarifying precedents remained one. There was originally no office of Investigating Officer interfering in all government affairs. When Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) was beginning his great undertaking, the offices were incomplete, the armies labored, and the people were unsettled. Even small offenses could not go unexamined. He therefore established Investigating Officers to meet an immediate need. Yet their supervision was controlled, and they were not allowed to act without restraint. This was a temporary measure for an age of military ascendancy, not the proper institution of an imperial ruler. “Later they gradually gained trust and became a persistent affliction. Successive administrations continued the practice without correcting its foundation. Now they investigate palaces and ancestral temples above and control the offices below. Their offices have no defined business and their functions no limits. They follow inclination and do whatever pleases them. Laws arise at the tips of their brushes without reference to statutes or edicts. Cases are decided within their own doors without regard to review or renewed inquiry. In choosing subordinates they consider caution a lack of competence and intrusive probing a mark of ability. In administration they call cruelty impartial severity and adherence to reason cowardice. Outside they invoke imperial authority to enhance their power; within they gather wicked men as confidants. Great ministers consider sharing power with them shameful and silently endure it. Lesser men fear their sharpness and suppress grievances with nowhere to appeal. Thus Yin Mo openly practiced his wickedness before our eyes. His crimes were known to travelers on the road, yet even reports of his slightest wrongs went unheard for years. This accords neither with the Rites of Zhou's purpose in establishing offices nor with the Spring and Autumn tradition's ten ranks. “Now the highest ministers and military commanders supervise the external bureaus, while Palace Attendants and Masters of Writing manage the myriad affairs within. The Colonel Director of Retainers inspects the capital, and the Palace Assistant Censor oversees the palace. Outstanding worthy men are carefully selected for these posts, and statutes and edicts clearly define supervision of wrongdoing. If these worthy men cannot be trusted, petty Investigating Officers are still less trustworthy. If each worthy man devotes himself fully to loyalty, these insignificant officers provide no benefit. If outstanding men of the state are selected anew as Investigating Officers, we merely duplicate the Palace Assistant Censor and Colonel Director of Retainers. If the old selection continues, Yin Mo's wickedness will appear again. Considered from every direction, the office has no use. “Formerly Sang Hongyang sought revenue for Han, and Bu Shi believed that only boiling Sang Hongyang alive would bring rain. If successes and failures in government necessarily affect Heaven and Earth, I fear that floods and droughts may indeed arise from the Investigating Officers. Duke Gong of Cao (personal name not established here) distanced himself from gentlemen and favored petty men, which the Airs of the States criticized indirectly. Duke Xian of Wei (Ji Kan) abandoned great ministers to consult lesser ones, and Ding Jiang declared him at fault. Even if Investigating Officers benefited the state, ritual and righteousness would still show that they wound great ministers' feelings. How much worse to retain them when their wickedness is exposed! That is to leave defects in the sovereign's robes unmended and persist in error without returning.”

The office of Investigating Officer was consequently abolished. Cheng Xiao was promoted to Administrator of Runan and died in his forties.

Guo Jia, courtesy name Fengxiao, was from Yangdi in Yingchuan.

He first went north to see Yuan Shao and told Yuan Shao's advisers Xin Ping and Guo Tu: “A wise man carefully measures his lord; thus a hundred undertakings can all succeed, establishing achievement and fame. Lord Yuan (Yuan Shao) merely wishes to imitate the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan) <Duke of Zhou; a noble title> in humbling himself before scholars, without understanding the essential art of employing them. He pursues many threads but grasps few essentials, delights in plans but cannot decide. To overcome the realm's great crisis and establish the achievement of a hegemon or true king with him would be difficult.” He therefore left.

Earlier, Xi Zhicai of Yingchuan had been a strategist whom Taizu (Cao Cao) valued greatly, but he died young. Taizu (Cao Cao) wrote to Xun Yu: “Since Zhicai (Xi Zhicai) died, I have had no one with whom to discuss plans. Ru and Ying have always produced extraordinary men. Who can succeed him?” Xun Yu recommended Guo Jia. Summoned to an audience, Guo Jia discussed the affairs of the realm. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “The man who enables me to accomplish my great undertaking must be this one.” Guo Jia left equally delighted: “Truly, he is my lord.” A memorial appointed him Military Libationer under the Minister of Works.

“You know how unequal Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were. The Han founder prevailed through wisdom alone; though strong, Xiang Yu was ultimately captured and destroyed. In my private assessment, Yuan Shao has ten grounds for defeat and you ten for victory. Though his army is strong, it will accomplish nothing. “Yuan Shao multiplies ritual and ceremony; you embody natural simplicity. This is your first victory, in the Way. Yuan Shao acts against rightful authority; you uphold obedience to lead the realm. This is your second, in righteousness. Late Han government failed through laxity. Yuan Shao adds laxity to laxity and cannot maintain discipline. You correct it with severity, so above and below know restraint. This is your third, in government. Yuan Shao is outwardly generous but inwardly suspicious. He doubts those he employs and trusts only relatives and younger kinsmen. You appear easy and simple but are inwardly discerning. You employ men without suspicion, according to talent alone, making no distinction between distant and close connections. This is your fourth, in breadth of mind. Yuan Shao plans much and decides little, failing by falling behind events. Once you find the right plan, you carry it out, adapting without limit. This is your fifth, in strategy. “Yuan Shao relies on generations of family standing, gaining reputation through lofty talk and deferential ceremony. Men who love words and outward display mostly turn to him. You treat people with complete sincerity, act with trust, seek no empty praise, and lead subordinates through frugality. You spare nothing for those who achieve results. Loyal, upright, far-sighted, substantial men all wish to serve you. This is your sixth, in virtue. When Yuan Shao sees someone hungry or cold, concern shows on his face, but those he does not see may escape his thoughts. This is merely what is called a woman's compassion. You sometimes overlook small matters before your eyes, yet in great affairs you engage the whole realm. Wherever your kindness reaches, it exceeds expectations. Even those unseen are included in your comprehensive consideration and receive help. This is your seventh, in humanity. Yuan Shao's great ministers struggle for power, and slander creates confusion. You govern subordinates according to the Way, and insinuating slander gains no foothold. This is your eighth, in discernment. Yuan Shao's judgments of right and wrong cannot be understood. You advance what you approve through ritual and correct what you reject through law. This is your ninth, in civil order. Yuan Shao likes empty displays of force and does not understand the essentials of war. You defeat many with few, employ troops with inspired skill, and command your soldiers' reliance and your enemies' fear. This is your tenth, in martial ability.”

Campaigning against Lü Bu, Taizu (Cao Cao) defeated him in three engagements, and Lü Bu withdrew to a fortified defense. The soldiers were exhausted, and Taizu (Cao Cao) wished to return. Guo Jia urged an immediate attack, and Lü Bu was captured. The account appears in Xun You's biography.

Sun Ce had fought across a thousand li and taken all the territory east of the river. Hearing that Taizu (Cao Cao) and Yuan Shao confronted each other at Guandu, he intended to cross the river northward and raid Xu. Everyone was alarmed, but Guo Jia assessed him: “Sun Ce has newly conquered the southeast. Those he executed were all outstanding men capable of winning others' willingness to die for them. Yet he is rash and unguarded. Though he has a million followers, he is no different from a man walking alone across the open country. If an assassin springs from concealment, he is only one man's opponent. In my judgment he must die at an ordinary man's hands.” Before Sun Ce crossed, he was indeed killed by Xu Gong's retainers.

Guo Jia accompanied the defeat of Yuan Shao. After Yuan Shao died, he again accompanied the campaign against Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang at Liyang, where repeated battles brought several victories. The generals wished to follow up and attack, but Guo Jia said: “Yuan Shao loved both sons without clearly establishing an heir. With Guo Tu and Feng Ji as their advisers, contention must arise between them and divide them. Press them and they will support each other; relax and rivalry will emerge. Better turn south toward Jing Province as though attacking Liu Biao and await their change. Once the change occurs, strike and settle everything in one action.” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved and marched south. When the army reached Xiping, Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang indeed fought for Ji Province. Defeated by Yuan Shang, Yuan Tan fled to Pingyuan and sent Xin Pi to request surrender. Taizu (Cao Cao) returned to rescue him. Guo Jia then accompanied the pacification of Ye and the attack on Yuan Tan at Nanpi. Once Ji Province was settled, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Weiyang Village.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) was about to campaign against Yuan Shang and the Wuhuan of the three commanderies, many subordinates feared that Liu Biao would have Liu Bei raid Xu and attack him. Guo Jia said:

“Although your might shakes the realm, the northern peoples rely on their remoteness and will certainly make no preparations. Strike suddenly while they are unprepared and they can be destroyed. Moreover, Yuan Shao showed kindness to both Chinese and non-Chinese people, and Yuan Shang and his brothers remain alive. The people of the four provinces are now attached to us only through fear; benevolent government has not yet reached them. If you abandon them to campaign south, Yuan Shang can draw upon Wuhuan resources and summon retainers willing to die for their former lord. Once the northern peoples move, Chinese and non-Chinese will respond together, stirring Tadun's ambitions and completing his designs. I fear Qing and Ji would no longer be ours. Liu Biao is merely a seated talker. He knows his ability is insufficient to control Liu Bei. Entrust Liu Bei with great responsibility, and he fears losing control; give him little, and Liu Bei will not serve. Even if you empty the state for a distant campaign, you need not worry.”

Taizu (Cao Cao) accordingly marched. At Yi, Guo Jia said: “Speed is essential in war. We are raiding an enemy a thousand li away, and so much baggage makes it difficult to seize advantage. Once they hear of us, they will prepare. Better leave the baggage, advance with lightly equipped troops by forced marches, and surprise them.” Taizu (Cao Cao) secretly emerged through the Lulong Pass and headed straight for the chanyu's court. Hearing suddenly of his arrival, the enemy fought in panic. He routed them, killing Tadun and the distinguished kings below him. Yuan Shang and his elder brother Yuan Xi fled to Liaodong.

Guo Jia possessed profound understanding and strategic calculation and comprehended practical affairs. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Only Fengxiao (Guo Jia) can understand my intentions.” At thirty-eight, while returning from Liucheng, Guo Jia became gravely ill. Taizu (Cao Cao)'s messengers inquiring after him crossed continually on the road. When he died, Taizu (Cao Cao) attended his mourning in deep grief and told Xun You and the others: “You are all of my generation; only Fengxiao (Guo Jia) was youngest. Once the realm's affairs were completed, I intended to entrust what followed to him. Yet he has died in middle life. Such is fate!” He memorialized: “Military Libationer Guo Jia accompanied my campaigns for eleven years. Whenever a great matter required deliberation or the enemy demanded adaptation, he completed the plan when I had not decided. In pacifying the realm, strategic achievement ranks highest. Unhappily his life was short and his work unfinished. His services cannot be forgotten. Increase his fief by eight hundred households, bringing the total to a thousand.”

He received the posthumous title Marquis Zhen (Guo Jia) <‘Steadfast,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Guo Yi succeeded him.

Later, returning from the Jing Province campaign, Taizu (Cao Cao) encountered an epidemic at Baqiu and burned his ships. He sighed: “Had Guo Fengxiao (Guo Jia) been alive, he would not have let me come to this.”

Earlier, Chen Qun criticized Guo Jia's failure to regulate his conduct and repeatedly accused him at court. Guo Jia remained unconcerned. Taizu (Cao Cao) valued him still more, yet was also pleased that Chen Qun could uphold what was right.

Guo Yi became Literary Attendant to the Crown Prince and died young. His son Guo Shen succeeded him. After Guo Shen died, his son Guo Lie succeeded.

Dong Zhao, courtesy name Gongren, was from Dingtao in Jiyin. Nominated as Filial and Incorrupt, he became Chief of Yingtao and Magistrate of Bairen, then Yuan Shao's military adviser. When Yuan Shao confronted Gongsun Zan at Jieqiao, Administrator of Julu Li Shao and the commandery's leading men, impressed by Gongsun Zan's powerful army, all wished to join him. Hearing this, Yuan Shao put Dong Zhao in charge of Julu and asked: “How will you control it?” He answered: “One insignificant man cannot dissolve a multitude's plans. I intend to draw out their intentions by appearing to share their deliberations. Once I know their circumstances, I shall use appropriate measures to control them. The plan depends on the occasion and cannot yet be specified.” Several dozen powerful clansmen, including Sun Kang, were leading the conspiracy and alarming the officials and people. On arriving, Dong Zhao forged a dispatch from Yuan Shao to the commandery: “From the statement of the rebel scout Zhang Ji of Anping, we learn that Julu is to be attacked, with the rebel former Filial and Incorrupt nominee Sun Kang and others responding within. On receipt of this dispatch, arrest them and apply military law. Punishment shall stop with the offenders; wives and children shall not be implicated.” Acting on the dispatch, Dong Zhao issued orders and had them all immediately beheaded. The whole commandery was terrified. He then reassured its people in turn, and all settled peacefully. Afterward he reported the affair to Yuan Shao, who approved. When Administrator of Wei Commandery Li Pan was killed by soldiers, Yuan Shao appointed Dong Zhao acting administrator. The commandery was then in great disorder, with rebels numbering in the tens of thousands. When their messengers came and went to trade, Dong Zhao treated them generously and used them as spies. Striking unexpectedly at weak points, he repeatedly won major victories. Within two days, three urgent feathered dispatches reported success.

Dong Zhao's younger brother Dong Fang served in Zhang Miao's army. Zhang Miao was at odds with Yuan Shao, who accepted slander and intended to punish Dong Zhao. Wishing to reach Emperor Xian of Han (Liu Xie) <Offering Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>, Dong Zhao traveled to Henei but was detained by Zhang Yang. Through Zhang Yang he returned his seal and ribbon to the throne and was appointed Commandant of Cavalry. Taizu (Cao Cao), then in charge of Yan Province, sent an envoy asking Zhang Yang for passage west to Chang'an. Zhang Yang refused. Dong Zhao persuaded him: “Although Yuan Shao and Cao Cao act as one family, their positions cannot keep them united long. Cao Cao is weak for now but truly a hero of the realm. We should deliberately form ties with him. Since an opening now exists, allow his communications to the throne and recommend him jointly. If his undertaking succeeds, this will establish a deep and lasting bond.” Zhang Yang then passed on Taizu (Cao Cao)'s memorials and recommended him. Dong Zhao composed letters for Taizu (Cao Cao) to Li Jue, Guo Si, and the other generals at Chang'an, expressing appropriate goodwill to each according to importance. Zhang Yang also sent an envoy to Taizu (Cao Cao), who gave him dogs, horses, gold, and silk. Communications with the west were thus established. When the Son of Heaven was at Anyi, Dong Zhao went there from Henei and was appointed Consultant by edict.

In the first year of Jian'an, Taizu (Cao Cao) pacified the Yellow Turbans at Xu and sent an envoy to Hedong. The Son of Heaven then returned to Luoyang, while Han Xian, Yang Feng, Dong Cheng, and Zhang Yang were all at odds. Since Yang Feng had the strongest force but few allies, Dong Zhao wrote to him in Taizu (Cao Cao)'s name:

“Having heard your name and admired your righteousness, I offer my whole sincere heart. You rescued the ruler of ten thousand chariots from danger and restored him to the old capital. Your achievement in supporting him is unmatched in this age: how splendid! Now the many wicked disturb the central lands, and the realm is unsettled. The sacred authority is supremely weighty and must be supported. Many worthy men are needed to clarify the royal order; one man certainly cannot accomplish it alone. Heart, belly, and limbs depend upon one another. If one part is absent, something is lacking. You should be the principal support within, and I the reinforcement outside. I possess grain, you possess troops. By sharing what each has and lacks, we can sustain one another. Life and death, separation and reunion—we shall share them all.”

Delighted by the letter, Yang Feng told the generals: “The armies of Yan Province are nearby at Xu. They have troops and food; the state should rely upon them.” Together they memorialized to appoint Taizu (Cao Cao) General Who Guards the East and allow him to inherit his father's title, Marquis of Fei Village. Dong Zhao was promoted to Director of Credentials and Tallies.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) attended the Son of Heaven at Luoyang, he invited Dong Zhao to sit beside him and asked: “Now that I have come here, what plan should I adopt?” Dong Zhao answered: “You raised a righteous army to punish violent disorder, came to court, and supported the royal house. This is the achievement of the Five Hegemons. Yet the generals here each have different intentions and may not obey. Remaining to assist the government would be inconvenient in the present situation. The only course is to move the imperial carriage to Xu. But the court, long scattered, has only just returned to the old capital. People near and far look forward to peace at last. Moving the emperor again will not satisfy them. Extraordinary deeds, however, produce extraordinary achievement. I hope you will weigh the greater advantages.” Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “That was my original intention. Yang Feng is nearby at Liang, and I hear his troops are elite. Might he become a difficulty?” Dong Zhao answered: “Yang Feng has few allies and is about to attach himself to you. Both your appointment as General Who Guards the East and your Fei Village title were settled by him. I also hear your correspondence has renewed the bond, enough to establish trust. Send an envoy promptly with generous gifts and thanks to reassure him. Explain: ‘The capital has no grain. We wish the imperial carriage to visit Luyang temporarily. Since Luyang is near Xu, transport will be easier and there need be no fear of distant supplies failing.’ Yang Feng is brave but gives little thought to matters; he will not suspect. While messengers go back and forth, there will be time to complete the plan. How could he obstruct you?” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved and sent an envoy. The imperial carriage was moved to Xu. Disappointed, Yang Feng joined Han Xian and others in plundering around Dingling. Taizu (Cao Cao) did not respond directly but secretly attacked his camp at Liang. Surrenders and executions quickly settled it. Having lost their followers, Yang Feng and Han Xian went east to surrender to Yuan Shu. In the third year, Dong Zhao was promoted to Intendant of Henan. Zhang Yang had been killed by his officer Yang Chou. Zhang Yang's chief clerk Xue Hong and Administrator of Henei Miu Shang held the city while awaiting Yuan Shao's help. Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered Dong Zhao to enter alone and explain matters. That very day Xue Hong, Miu Shang, and all their men surrendered. Dong Zhao was appointed Governor of Ji Province.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) ordered Liu Bei to oppose Yuan Shu, Dong Zhao said: “Liu Bei is brave and ambitious, with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei as wings. I fear we cannot yet judge his intentions.” Taizu (Cao Cao) answered: “I have already agreed.” On reaching Xiapi, Liu Bei killed Inspector of Xu Province Che Zhou and rebelled. Taizu (Cao Cao) personally campaigned against him and transferred Dong Zhao to Governor of Xu Province. Yuan Shao sent Yan Liang to attack Dong Commandery. Dong Zhao was transferred again, to Administrator of Wei Commandery, and accompanied the campaign against Yan Liang. After Yan Liang's death, the army advanced to besiege Ye. Yuan Shao's kinsman Chunqing was Administrator of Wei Commandery within the city, while his father Yuanchang was in Yang Province. [Chunqing and Yuanchang are the designations given here; their full personal names are not established in this passage.] Taizu (Cao Cao) sent men to fetch the father.

Dong Zhao wrote to Chunqing:

“I have heard that the filial do not abandon parents to seek advantage, the humane do not forget their ruler to pursue private ends, men of purpose do not plunge into disorder hoping for fortune, and the wise do not take crooked paths that imperil themselves. Your honored father formerly escaped internal troubles and traveled south among the Hundred Yue. He did not disdain his kin or delight in Wu and Kuaiji; a wise man's profound understanding may have made this the fitting course. Lord Cao (Cao Cao), pitying his pure and scrupulous resolve and his isolation from companions, specially sent envoys east of the river to receive and escort him. He will soon arrive. “Even if you occupied an entirely peaceful region, served a virtuous and righteous lord, possessed security like Mount Tai, and enjoyed longevity like Wang Qiao and Chisongzi, righteousness would still require you to turn from that place to this and leave your subjects to hasten to your father. When Yifu of Zhu first allied with Duke Yin of Lu (Ji Xigu), the people of Lu approved, yet the record omitted his noble title. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals, rank not conferred by the king lacks full standing. How much more does this apply now, when you rely upon a state of peril and disorder and accept an appointment issued through false authority? Associating with discontented men while neglecting your father cannot be called filial. Forgetting the ancestral dynasty and resting content in an illegitimate office cannot be called loyal. Abandoning both loyalty and filial devotion can hardly be called wise. “Moreover, Lord Cao (Cao Cao) formerly recruited you with courtesy. To draw close to clansmen while distancing your own father, treat your temporary residence as home while excluding the royal house, cherish an improper salary while betraying one who recognized you, distance yourself from blessings while approaching destruction, and abandon clear righteousness to incur great disgrace—is this not regrettable? If you promptly change your allegiance, uphold the emperor, care for your father, and devote yourself to Lord Cao (Cao Cao), loyalty and filial duty will remain intact and your honorable name become manifest. Consider this deeply and decide upon a sound plan early.”

After Ye was settled, Dong Zhao became Grand Master of Remonstrance. Later Yuan Shang relied on the Wuhuan leader Tadun, and Taizu (Cao Cao) prepared to campaign against him. To solve the difficulty of transporting military grain, the Pinglu and Quanzhou canals were cut through to the sea for transport. This was Dong Zhao's proposal. Taizu (Cao Cao) memorialized to enfeoff him as Marquis of Qianqiu Village and transferred him to Military Libationer under the Minister of Works.

Dong Zhao later proposed restoring the ancient five ranks of territorial nobility. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “Those who established the five ranks were sages. Moreover, it is not a subject's place to institute them. How could I undertake it?” Dong Zhao answered:

“Since antiquity no subject who rescued his age has possessed achievements like yours. Nor has anyone with such achievements long remained in a subject's position. You now feel shame at anything less than perfect virtue and delight in preserving your name and integrity without great reproach. Your excellence surpasses Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan): this reaches the summit of virtue. Yet rulers like Tai Jia (personal name not established here) and King Cheng (Ji Song) <Accomplished King; a posthumous royal title> are not always to be found. People today are harder to transform than in Yin and Zhou. Occupying a great minister's position while allowing people to suspect you in the greatest affairs is something that requires the deepest consideration. Although your authority and virtue excel and your laws and methods are clear, without establishing a firm foundation you have not yet completed a plan for ten thousand generations. That foundation lies in land and people. You should gradually establish it to protect yourself. Your loyalty stands out, and heavenly authority appears in your bearing, so Geng Yan's words from beneath the bed and Zhu Ying's argument about an unexpected calamity may fail to reach your ears. I have received extraordinary kindness and dare not leave this unsaid.”

Taizu (Cao Cao) later accepted the titles Duke of Wei (Cao Cao) <a territorial ducal title held by Cao Cao> and King of Wei (Cao Cao) <a territorial royal title held by Cao Cao>. Both proposals originated with Dong Zhao.

When Guan Yu besieged Cao Ren at Fan, Sun Quan sent an envoy saying: “I intend to send troops west for a surprise attack on Guan Yu. Jiangling and Gong'an hold his baggage and dependents. If he loses those cities he must flee, and Fan's siege will end without rescue. Please keep this secret so Guan Yu makes no preparations.” Taizu (Cao Cao) questioned the ministers, who all advised secrecy. Dong Zhao said: “War values expediency and aims at what fits the circumstances. Promise Sun Quan secrecy, but internally disclose the matter. If Guan Yu hears that Sun Quan is advancing and returns to defend himself, the siege will quickly end and we gain the benefit. The two enemies can then confront and restrain each other while we await their exhaustion. Keeping the secret and allowing Sun Quan to fulfill his ambition is not the best plan. Moreover, the officers inside the siege do not know rescue is coming. Calculating their food, they are afraid. If they develop other intentions, the difficulty will be serious. Disclosure is advantageous. Besides, Guan Yu is overbearing and relies on the strong defenses of his two cities; he certainly will not withdraw quickly.” Taizu (Cao Cao) approved. He instructed relief commander Xu Huang to attach Sun Quan's letter to arrows and shoot it both within the encirclement and into Guan Yu's camp. Those inside gained a hundredfold confidence. Guan Yu indeed hesitated. Sun Quan's army arrived and took both cities, and Guan Yu was defeated.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Dong Zhao became Court Architect. Upon the imperial accession, he was promoted to Grand Herald and advanced to Marquis of You District. In the second year, a hundred households were divided from his fief, and his younger brother Dong Fang received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Dong Zhao transferred to Palace Attendant. In the third year, General-in-Chief Who Campaigns in the East Cao Xiu reached the river at Dongpukou and memorialized: “I wish to lead elite soldiers striding like tigers into the south, drawing supplies from the enemy. Success is certain. Should I perish, Your Majesty need not be concerned.” Fearing that Cao Xiu would immediately cross, the emperor sent an urgent mounted edict to stop him. Attending beside him, Dong Zhao said: “I see anxiety on Your Majesty's face. Is it solely because Cao Xiu might cross the river? Crossing is difficult for men's feelings now. Even if he intends it, he cannot act alone and must await the generals. Zang Ba and the others are already rich and honored and have no further hopes. They merely wish to live out their natural years and preserve their rank and blessings. Why would they risk throwing themselves into death for uncertain gain? If Zang Ba and the others do not advance, Cao Xiu's resolve will falter. I fear that even if Your Majesty ordered a crossing, they would still hesitate rather than obey at once.” Soon afterward, a violent wind drove enemy ships beneath Cao Xiu's camps. His forces killed and captured men, and the enemy scattered. An edict urged the armies to cross, but they failed to advance in time, and the enemy's relief ships arrived.

The emperor visited Wan while General-in-Chief Who Campaigns in the South Xiahou Shang and others attacked Jiangling without taking it. The river was then shallow and narrow. Xiahou Shang wished to carry infantry and cavalry by boat to establish a camp on an island, connecting north and south by a floating bridge. Most advisers thought the city could certainly be taken. Dong Zhao memorialized:

“Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) possessed intelligence and courage beyond other men, yet in war he feared the enemy and did not venture to slight him in this fashion. Troops favor advancing and dislike retreating: that is their constant tendency. Even on level ground without obstacles, withdrawal is difficult. If one must penetrate deeply, the return route should be easy, for an army cannot always advance and retreat as it wishes. Camping on an island means the deepest penetration; crossing by a floating bridge means the greatest danger; traveling by one route means the narrowest passage. All three are things military experts avoid, yet we now undertake them. The enemy repeatedly attacks the bridge. If any unexpected failure occurs, the elite troops on the island will no longer belong to Wei but will pass to Wu. I am privately so distressed that I forget sleep and food, yet the advisers remain cheerful and unconcerned. Is this not delusion? Moreover, the river is approaching its rising season. If it suddenly swells, how can we defend against it? Even if we cannot defeat the enemy, we must at least preserve ourselves. Why court danger without fear? Affairs are becoming perilous. May Your Majesty examine them!”

The emperor understood Dong Zhao's argument and immediately ordered Xiahou Shang and the others to withdraw quickly. The enemy advanced from both ends while the imperial troops retreated by a single route and could not clear it promptly. Generals Shi Jian and Gao Qian barely escaped. Ten days after the army withdrew, the river suddenly rose. The emperor said: “How thoroughly you judged this affair! Even Zhang Liang and Chen Ping could not have added to it.” In the fifth year, Dong Zhao's fief was transferred to Marquis of Chengdu District and he became Minister of Ceremonies. That year he transferred to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Attendant within the Palace. He accompanied the emperor's eastern campaign and, returning in the seventh year, became Minister Coachman. On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, he was advanced to Marquis of Leping with a thousand households and transferred to Minister of Guards. A hundred households were divided off to grant one son the rank of Marquis within the Passes.

In the fourth year of Taihe he acted as Minister over the Masses; in the sixth he received the substantive appointment. Dong Zhao memorialized on the abuses of declining contemporary customs:

“Every ruler of the realm honors sincere, plain, loyal, and trustworthy men and deeply detests false and insubstantial ones, because they destroy instruction, disorder government, corrupt custom, and injure moral transformation. Recently Wei Feng was executed late in Jian'an and Cao Wei at the beginning of Huangchu. Successive sage edicts have deeply condemned superficial deceit, seeking to break up wicked factions and expressing bitter indignation. Yet law-enforcement officials all fear their influence and cannot expose them. They corrupt custom, and their encroaching desires grow worse. “I observe that today's young men no longer take study as their foundation but devote themselves to cultivating connections. Men aspiring to distinction no longer put filial devotion, brotherly respect, and pure conduct first, but pursue influence and profit. They combine in cliques and groups, praising one another. They use slander as punishment and partisan praise as rank and reward. Those who attach themselves receive boundless commendation; those who do not are assigned invented faults. They even tell one another: ‘Why worry about not getting by in this age? The only danger is failing to cultivate contacts diligently or cast one's net broadly enough. Why fear that someone will not appreciate you? Simply make him swallow the medicine and soften him into compliance.’ [The precise force of the medicine metaphor is uncertain.] I also hear that some have slaves or retainers assume the names of serving officials' household members, using this disguise to enter and leave restricted inner places, exchange letters, and probe for information. All these acts are rejected by law and cannot be pardoned by punishment. Even Wei Feng's and Cao Wei's crimes were no greater.”

The emperor then issued a stern edict dismissing Zhuge Dan, Deng Yang, and others. Dong Zhao died aged eighty-one and received the posthumous title Marquis Ding (Dong Zhao) <‘Settled,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Dong Zhou succeeded him, subsequently holding commandery administrations and offices among the Nine Ministers.

Liu Ye, courtesy name Ziyang, was from Chengde in Huainan.

He descended from Liu Yan, Prince of Fuling, a son of Emperor Guangwu of Han (Liu Xiu) <Luminous Martial Emperor; the founding Eastern Han emperor>. His father Liu Pu and mother Xiu had two sons, Liu Huan and Liu Ye. When Liu Huan was nine and Liu Ye seven, their mother became gravely ill. At her death she warned them: “Your father's attendant is flattering and harmful by nature. After I die, I fear this person will certainly disorder the household. If you can remove the attendant when you grow up, I shall have no regrets.” At thirteen Liu Ye told his brother: “Our late mother's words can now be carried out.” Liu Huan said: “How could you do such a thing?” Liu Ye immediately entered the room and killed the attendant, then went straight to bow at his mother's grave. A great outcry arose in the house, and Liu Pu was informed. Angry, he sent men after Liu Ye. Liu Ye returned, bowed, and apologized: “Our late mother's final charge was what I followed. I dare accept punishment for acting without asking permission.” Inwardly impressed, Liu Pu did not punish him. Xu Shao of Runan, renowned for judging men and then taking refuge in Yang Province, praised Liu Ye as possessing the talent to assist his age.

Many men of Yang Province were reckless, cunning, and fierce. Zheng Bao, Zhang Duo, Xu Qian, and others each commanded followers. Zheng Bao was the boldest and most decisive, with exceptional ability and strength that intimidated the region. He intended to drive the people across the river to the southeast. Since Liu Ye came from an eminent lineage and was renowned, Zheng Bao wanted to force him to lead the proposal. Liu Ye was then in his twenties. Deeply troubled, he had found no opportunity to act. Taizu (Cao Cao) happened to send an envoy to the province on an investigation. Liu Ye went to see him, discussed the situation, and invited him home to stay for several days. Zheng Bao indeed came with several hundred followers, bringing cattle and wine to greet the envoy. Liu Ye had his household servants seat the followers outside the middle gate and provide food and drink, while he entertained Zheng Bao within. Secretly he instructed strong men to strike Zheng Bao while serving wine. Zheng Bao disliked wine and watched carefully; the server dared not act. Liu Ye therefore drew his own sword and killed him. Displaying the head, he proclaimed to Zheng Bao's men: “Lord Cao (Cao Cao) commands that anyone who moves shall share Zheng Bao's guilt.” Terrified, they fled to camp. Several thousand elite soldiers remained there under commanders. Fearing disorder, Liu Ye mounted Zheng Bao's horse and went with a few household servants to the camp gate. He called the leaders out and explained the consequences of their choice. They all bowed their heads and opened the gate to admit him. He reassured and comforted them, winning their willing submission, and they acclaimed him as leader. Seeing the Han house gradually weaken, however, and being himself a collateral member, Liu Ye did not wish to command troops. He handed them over to Administrator of Lujiang Liu Xun. Surprised, Liu Xun asked why. Liu Ye answered: “Zheng Bao had no discipline, and his followers habitually profited through plunder. I have no existing resources. If I impose order, they will resent it, and I cannot hold them long. That is why I give them to you.” Liu Xun then commanded the strongest force between the Jiang and Huai. Sun Ce resented this and sent an envoy with humble words and generous gifts. His letter said: “The clan communities at Shangliao have repeatedly insulted my humble state, causing resentment for years. The route makes an attack inconvenient. I hope your great state will punish them. Shangliao is very wealthy, and taking it could enrich your state. I will send troops as outside support.” Liu Xun believed him. Receiving pearls, treasures, and fine textiles, he rejoiced. Everyone within and outside offered congratulations except Liu Ye. Asked why, Liu Ye replied: “Though small, Shangliao has strong walls and deep moats, difficult to attack and easy to defend. If it cannot be taken in ten days, the army will be exhausted abroad and the homeland empty. If Sun Ce exploits the vacancy to attack us, those left behind cannot hold out alone. You will then be checked by the enemy in front and have nowhere to return. If you insist on marching, disaster is imminent.” Liu Xun refused to listen and attacked Shangliao. Sun Ce indeed struck his rear. In desperate straits, Liu Xun fled to Taizu (Cao Cao).

When Taizu (Cao Cao) reached Shouchun, the mountain bandit Chen Ce held difficult terrain in Lujiang with tens of thousands of men. Subordinate generals previously sent against him had failed to capture or defeat him. Taizu (Cao Cao) asked whether he could be attacked. All answered: “The mountains are steep and high, the valleys deep and narrow. Defense is easy and attack difficult. Leaving him alone brings no significant loss; taking him brings no significant gain.” Liu Ye said:

“Chen Ce and the others are petty fellows who took refuge in difficult country during disorder and became strong by combining. They are not bound together by legitimate rank, authority, or trust. Earlier our subordinate generals had little prestige, and the central lands were not settled, so Chen Ce dared rely on his strongholds. Now the realm is largely pacified, and those who submit later see those punished earlier. Fear of death and desire for reward are shared by foolish and wise alike. Thus the Lord of Guangwu (Li Zuoche) advised Han Xin that his reputation alone could precede actual force and bring neighboring states into submission. How much more will your virtue accomplish! When you campaign east, those in the west resent being left behind. Announce rewards and invitations first, then bring the great army. On the day the order is proclaimed, their camp gates will open and the enemy collapse by itself.”

Taizu (Cao Cao) laughed: “Your words come close to the truth!” He sent fierce generals ahead with the main army following. On arrival they defeated Chen Ce, as Liu Ye had assessed. Returning, Taizu (Cao Cao) recruited Liu Ye as a clerk in the Minister of Works' Granary Bureau.

When Taizu (Cao Cao) campaigned against Zhang Lu, Liu Ye transferred to Registrar. On reaching Hanzhong, the mountains proved steep and difficult to climb, and the army's food ran short. Taizu (Cao Cao) said: “This is merely a land of delusion and superstition. What difference does possessing it make? Our army lacks food. Better return quickly.” He began withdrawing and ordered Liu Ye to supervise the armies behind, bringing them out in succession. Liu Ye judged that Zhang Lu could be defeated. Moreover, with the supply route failing, even a withdrawal could not preserve all the troops. He hurried to tell Taizu (Cao Cao): “Better press the attack.” The army advanced, deploying many crossbows against the enemy camp. Zhang Lu fled, and Hanzhong was pacified. Liu Ye then said:

“With five thousand infantry you set out to punish Dong Zhuo, defeated Yuan Shao in the north, and campaigned against Liu Biao in the south. Of the Nine Provinces and hundred commanderies, you have united eight parts in ten. Your authority shakes the realm and your power awes lands beyond the seas. Now that Hanzhong is taken, Shu's people watch fearfully, their courage broken and their defenses shaken. Follow this momentum, and Shu can be settled by dispatching a proclamation. Liu Bei is an outstanding man, broad-minded but slow. He has only recently obtained Shu, and its people do not yet rely upon him. Our conquest of Hanzhong terrifies them, and their position is collapsing by itself. With your inspired understanding, press upon that collapse, and nothing can resist. If you delay even slightly, Zhuge Liang, clear in government, will serve as chancellor, while Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, bravest in the armies, serve as generals. Once Shu's people are settled and hold its strongholds and key positions, it cannot be attacked. Failure to take it now will surely cause future anxiety.”

Taizu (Cao Cao) did not follow his advice.

The main army returned. After returning from Hanzhong, Liu Ye became Chief Clerk of the Campaigning Army, concurrently Commandant of the Army. In the first year of Yankang, Shu general Meng Da surrendered with his followers. Meng Da possessed bearing and conspicuous talent, and Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) admired him greatly, appointing him Administrator of Xincheng and adding Regular Attendant Cavalier. Liu Ye argued: “Meng Da seeks immediate advantage, relies upon his talent, and likes manipulative methods. He will not cherish gratitude and righteousness. Xincheng borders Wu and Shu. If his behavior changes, he will create trouble for the state.” Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) nevertheless made no change. Meng Da ultimately rebelled and was defeated.

In the first year of Huangchu, Liu Ye became Palace Attendant and received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. An edict asked the ministers to assess whether Liu Bei would attack Wu to avenge Guan Yu. All said: “Shu is only a small state, and Guan Yu was its sole famous general. With him dead and his army destroyed, the country is anxious and afraid. There is no basis for another expedition.” Liu Ye alone said: “Though Shu is small and weak, Liu Bei intends to strengthen himself through martial authority. He must employ his host to display resources still in reserve. Moreover, though Guan Yu and Liu Bei were formally ruler and minister, their affection resembled father and son. If Guan Yu dies and Liu Bei cannot raise troops against the enemy in vengeance, his obligation from beginning to end is incomplete.” Liu Bei subsequently attacked Wu. Wu mobilized its whole state and sent an envoy declaring itself a vassal. All the court officials congratulated the emperor, but Liu Ye alone said: “Wu lies far beyond the Jiang and Han and has long had no intention of becoming an internal subject. Though Your Majesty's virtue equals the ruler of Yu, this hostile enemy has not been moved. A request for submission made under duress is necessarily untrustworthy. Only external pressure and internal distress could have produced this mission. We should exploit his extremity to strike and take him. Releasing an enemy for one day creates trouble for generations. This must be examined.” Liu Bei's army was defeated and withdrew. Wu's respectful observances increasingly lapsed, and the emperor wished to raise troops against it. Liu Ye argued: “Having newly achieved its purpose, its rulers and people are united. Protected by rivers and lakes, it will be hard to attack suddenly.” The emperor did not listen.

“Sun Quan seeks surrender without an apparent cause; he must face an internal emergency. He previously attacked and killed Guan Yu and took four commanderies of Jing Province. Liu Bei is angry and must raise a great army against him. Facing a strong enemy outside, with his men unsettled and afraid that the central state will exploit the opening, Sun Quan offers territory and seeks surrender. First he keeps our troops back; second he borrows our support to strengthen his host and unsettle his enemy. Skilled in war, he sees plans and understands changes. His strategy must be this. The realm is now divided into three, and the central state possesses eight parts in ten. Wu and Shu each hold one province behind mountains and waterways. Mutual aid in emergencies benefits these small states. Now that they attack one another, Heaven is destroying them. We should raise a great army, cross the river directly, and strike Wu within. With Shu attacking from outside and us within, Wu will perish in ten days or a month. Once Wu falls, Shu stands alone. Even if we divided Wu equally, Shu certainly could not survive long. How much more if Shu obtains its outer territory while we take its heartland!”

“This must not be done. The late emperor campaigned until eight parts in ten of the realm were united, his authority shaking all within the seas. Your Majesty received the abdication and assumed the true imperial position, with virtue matching Heaven and Earth and fame reaching the four distances. These are actual conditions, not your humble servant's flattery. Though Sun Quan has heroic talent, he was merely a former Han General of Agile Cavalry and Marquis of Nanchang, with a comparatively low office and position. His officials and people fear the central state; he cannot force them to complete his designs. If accepting his surrender is unavoidable, advance his general's title and enfeoff him as a marquis of a hundred thousand households, but do not immediately make him king. A king stands only one step below the Son of Heaven; ceremonial precedence, dress, and equipment approach the imperial level. While he is merely a marquis, the people south of the river have not established a ruler-and-subject relationship with him. Believing his false surrender and strengthening him by elevating his rank fixes that relationship in place: it gives wings to a tiger. “Once Sun Quan receives kingship and repels Shu's army, he will outwardly observe every courtesy toward the central state, making sure everyone in his country hears it, while privately acting disrespectfully to anger Your Majesty. When Your Majesty becomes furious and raises an army, he will calmly tell his people: ‘I devoted myself to serving the central state, spared no precious goods or heavy treasures in regular tribute, and never dared neglect a subject's rites. Yet it attacks me without cause. It must intend to destroy our state and capture our people, sons, and daughters as servants and slaves.’ Wu's people will have every reason to believe him. Belief will arouse anger, unite rulers and subjects, and increase their fighting strength tenfold.”

In the fifth year, the emperor visited Sikou in Guangling and ordered the armies of Jing and Yang provinces to advance together. Meeting the ministers, he asked: “Will Sun Quan come in person?” All answered: “With Your Majesty campaigning personally, Sun Quan will be terrified and mobilize his entire state. Nor will he dare entrust a great host to subordinates. He must come himself.” Liu Ye said: “He believes Your Majesty intends to hold him in place with the weight of the imperial presence, while separate generals cross the rivers and lakes. He will therefore marshal troops and await developments, neither advancing nor retreating yet.” The emperor remained for many days, and Sun Quan indeed did not come. He withdrew, saying: “Your assessment was right. Remember to destroy the two enemies for me; you must do more than understand their intentions.”

When Emperor Ming (Cao Rui) <Bright Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> ascended the throne, Liu Ye was advanced to Marquis of Dong Village, with three hundred households. An edict declared:

“Honoring forefathers exalts filial devotion and displays good conduct; tracing origins and respecting beginnings deepens instruction and spreads moral transformation. Thus Tang (Zi Lü), King Wen (Ji Chang) <Civil King; a posthumous royal title>, and King Wu (Ji Fa) <Martial King; a posthumous royal title> founded Shang and Zhou, yet the principles of the Odes and Documents led to the posthumous honoring of Hou Ji and Xie and the celebration of Yousong and Jiang Yuan, making clear the source of abundant virtue and the origin of the mandate. Our Wei house inherited Heaven's order. Its beginnings lay with Emperor Gao (Cao Teng) <Exalted Emperor; a posthumous imperial title> and Emperor Tai (Cao Song) <Grand Emperor; a posthumous imperial title>, and its achievement reached greatness under Emperors Wu (Cao Cao) and Wen (Cao Pi). As for Emperor Gao (Cao Teng)'s father, the retired gentleman Cao Jie, he quietly cultivated virtue and deference, his conduct moving the spirits. This was the source of Heaven and Earth's blessing and our illustrious fortune. Yet his spirit remains distant and obscure, and no honorable designation has been recorded. This is not what is meant by exalting filial devotion and honoring the root. Let the highest ministers and those below meet to discuss an appropriate title and posthumous designation.”

Liu Ye offered this opinion:

“Your Majesty's wish, as a sage emperor and filial grandson, to honor your ancestors is truly without limit. Yet ritual sets degrees of closeness and remoteness and corresponding reductions of honor. These cut off private sentiment to establish public standards and provide a pattern for ten thousand generations. Zhou kings traced their ancestry to Hou Ji because he had assisted Yao of Tang with merit and his name stood in the sacrificial canon. At the beginning of Han, posthumous honors extended no further than the founder's father. Comparing with Zhou, Great Wei's rise began with Emperor Gao (Cao Teng); discussing the Han precedent, posthumous honor did not reach the founder's grandfather. These are established laws of former ages and clear principles for today. Your Majesty's filial thoughts arise within and sincerely know no end. Yet every act of a ruler is recorded, which is why ritual institutions require care. I believe the extension of posthumous honor should stop at Emperor Gao (Cao Teng).”

Master of Writing Wei Zhen agreed with Liu Ye. Their opinion was implemented.

Administrator of Liaodong Gongsun Yuan seized his uncle's position, established himself without authority, and sent an envoy reporting the circumstances. Liu Ye argued that the Gongsun family had been appointed under Han and successively inherited office. Reached by sea and protected by mountains on land, its distant foreign territory was difficult to control, and hereditary authority had endured for a long time. If Gongsun Yuan was not punished now, trouble must follow. Waiting until he harbored divided loyalty and relied on troops would make punishment difficult. Better attack while he was newly established, with both supporters and enemies, before he expected it. Offer rewards and invitations, and the region could be settled without exhausting the army. Gongsun Yuan later indeed rebelled.

At court Liu Ye scarcely associated with contemporaries. Asked why, he answered: “Wei's accession is still recent. The wise understand their allotted circumstances, but ordinary men may not all do so. In Han I was a branch of the royal house; in Wei I serve as a confidant. Having few companions and followers does not depart from what is proper.” In the sixth year of Taihe, illness brought appointment as Senior Grand Master. After an interval he became Grand Herald, serving two years before resigning and again becoming Senior Grand Master. He died and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing (Liu Ye) <‘Illustrious,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Liu Yu succeeded him.

His younger son Liu Tao was also highly talented but deficient in conduct. He rose to Administrator of Pingyuan.

Jiang Ji, courtesy name Zitong, was from Ping'a in Chu State. He served as commandery Accounts Clerk and provincial Assistant Administrator. In the thirteenth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan besieged Hefei. The main army was campaigning in Jing Province and encountered an epidemic. Only General Zhang Xi was sent with a thousand cavalry, collecting Runan troops on the way to relieve the siege, but they too suffered disease. Jiang Ji secretly proposed that the inspector pretend to have received a letter from Zhang Xi announcing that forty thousand infantry and cavalry had reached Yulou. A registrar was sent to welcome him. Three parties of messengers carried letters to the city's defenders; one entered the city, while the enemy captured the other two. Believing the report, Sun Quan hurriedly burned his siege works and withdrew. The city was preserved. Next year Jiang Ji went on a mission to Qiao. Taizu (Cao Cao) asked: “Formerly, when Yuan Benchu (Yuan Shao) and I faced each other at Guandu, I moved the people of Yan and Baima. They could not flee, and the enemy dared not plunder them. What if I now move Huainan's people?” Jiang Ji answered: “Then our army was weak and the enemy strong. Without moving them, we would have lost them. Since defeating Yuan Shao, taking Liucheng in the north, and turning toward the Jiang and Han in the south, Jing Province has submitted and your might shakes the realm. The people have no other allegiance. But they cherish their homeland and truly dislike moving. I fear it will unsettle them.” Taizu (Cao Cao) did not listen. Over a hundred thousand people between the Jiang and Huai fled in alarm to Wu. When Jiang Ji later went to Ye, Taizu (Cao Cao) greeted him laughing: “I merely intended to move them away from the enemy and instead drove them all to him.” He appointed Jiang Ji Administrator of Danyang.

After the main army returned from campaigning south, Wen Hui became Inspector of Yang Province and Jiang Ji Assistant Administrator. An order declared: “With Jizi (Ji Zha) as minister, Wu deserved to have a ruler. Now that you return to the province, I have no anxiety.” Some people falsely accused Jiang Ji of leading a rebellion. Hearing it, Taizu (Cao Cao) pointed to his earlier order and told General of the Left Yu Jin, Chancellor of Pei Feng Ren, and others: “Could Jiang Ji do such a thing? If he did, I would know nothing of men. These must be foolish people who delight in disorder and falsely implicate him.” He ordered prompt investigation and release. Jiang Ji was recruited as the Chancellor's Registrar and subordinate of the Western Bureau. An order said: “Shun raised Gao Yao, and the inhumane withdrew. I expect you, worthy subordinate, to distinguish good and bad correctly.” When Guan Yu besieged Fan and Xiangyang, Taizu (Cao Cao), concerned that the Han emperor at Xu was too near the enemy, wished to move the capital. Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) <King Xuan; a posthumous royal title> and Jiang Ji advised: “Yu Jin and the others were overwhelmed by water, not defeated through failure in battle. This does not substantially injure the state's great plan. Liu Bei and Sun Quan are close outwardly but distant within. Sun Quan cannot wish Guan Yu success. Send someone to urge him to strike the rear, promising him territory south of the river as his fief, and Fan's siege will resolve itself.” Taizu (Cao Cao) followed their advice. Sun Quan then advanced west to attack Gong'an and Jiangling, and Guan Yu was captured.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) succeeded as king, Jiang Ji transferred to Chief Clerk of the Chancellor of State. Upon the imperial accession, he was sent out as General of the Household of the East. He requested permission to remain, but an edict answered: “Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang) sang, ‘Where can I find brave men to guard the four directions?’ The realm is unsettled and needs good ministers to secure its borders. When affairs are quiet, you may return with jade ornaments sounding: that will not be too late.” Jiang Ji presented his Discussion of the Myriad Affairs, which the emperor admired, and entered the capital as Regular Attendant Cavalier. An edict to General Who Campaigns in the South Xiahou Shang then said: “You are a trusted senior commander and should receive exceptional responsibility. My kindness is worth dying for, my favor worthy of remembrance. Exercise power to punish and bless, kill men and give them life.” Xiahou Shang showed it to Jiang Ji. When Jiang Ji arrived, the emperor asked what he had heard and seen of customs and moral instruction in the realm. He answered: “I have seen no other excellence, only words that destroy a state.” The emperor's face changed with anger and he demanded the reason. Jiang Ji explained and said: “‘Exercising power to punish and bless’ is expressly forbidden in the Documents. ‘The Son of Heaven has no words in jest’ was a warning the ancients observed. May Your Majesty examine this!” The emperor relented and sent to retrieve the earlier edict.

In the third year of Huangchu, Jiang Ji accompanied Grand Marshal Cao Ren against Wu and separately attacked Xianxi. Cao Ren wished to attack the island at Ruxu. Jiang Ji said: “The enemy holds the west bank and arrays ships upstream. Sending our men onto the island means putting them into a deadly trap [地獄, literally an earthly prison], a course of peril and destruction.” Cao Ren refused and was defeated. After Cao Ren died, Jiang Ji again became General of the Household of the East, taking over his troops. An edict said: “You possess both civil and military abilities, lofty purpose, and generous spirit. You have always aspired to cross the rivers and lakes and swallow Wu and Kuaiji. I therefore again entrust you with command.” Soon he was summoned as a Master of Writing. When the emperor visited Guangling, Jiang Ji memorialized that the waterways were difficult to navigate and presented his Discussion of the Three Provinces to admonish him indirectly. The emperor refused to listen, and thousands of warships became stranded. Advisers wished to leave troops farming there, but Jiang Ji argued that the lake lay nearby to the east and the Huai to the north. At high water the enemy could raid easily, making a secure agricultural settlement impossible. The emperor agreed and departed. On reaching Jing Lake, the water was almost exhausted, so he left all the ships with Jiang Ji. They were scattered along several hundred li. Jiang Ji dug four or five channels to bring them together and prepared earthen barriers [土豚, the engineering term used here] to hold back the lake water. Once all the trailing ships had been drawn in, he opened the barriers at once and floated them into the Huai. Back at Luoyang, the emperor told him: “Affairs must be understood thoroughly. I had firmly decided to burn half the ships in Shanyang Pool, yet you brought them on afterward and reached Qiao almost with me. Your proposals also always accord with my mind. From now on, give careful thought to plans against the enemy.”

On Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, Jiang Ji received the rank of Marquis within the Passes. Grand Marshal Cao Xiu led an army toward Wan. Jiang Ji memorialized: “Penetrating enemy territory to confront Sun Quan's elite troops, while Zhu Ran and others upstream can strike Cao Xiu's rear—I see no advantage.” When the army reached Wan, Wu sent troops to Anlu. Jiang Ji again memorialized: “The enemy displays forces in the west to combine troops against the east. Urgently order the armies to rescue Cao Xiu.” Cao Xiu's army had already been defeated and withdrew, abandoning all weapons and baggage. Wu intended to block Jiashi, but relief troops arrived, preventing the imperial army's annihilation. Jiang Ji was promoted to Central Protector of the Army.

At this time the Director and Prefect of the Palace Secretariat were said to exercise exclusive influence. Jiang Ji memorialized:

“When great ministers become too powerful, the state is endangered; when attendants grow too intimate, the ruler is obstructed. These are the gravest ancient warnings. Formerly great ministers controlled affairs, stirring both inside and outside. Your Majesty independently took charge of the myriad affairs, and all became reverently restrained. It is not that great ministers are disloyal. Yet when authority rests below, men's hearts slight those above: this is the natural consequence of position. Having recognized it among great ministers, I hope Your Majesty will not forget it among close attendants. In loyalty, uprightness, and foresight they are not necessarily superior to great ministers; in pleasing manners and finding agreement, they may be more skillful. “Now outside discussion constantly names the Palace Secretariat. Even if its men remain respectful and cautious and dare form no external connections, the existence of such a reputation confuses public opinion. How much more when they actually hold the essentials of affairs and remain before your eyes daily! If during a moment of fatigue Your Majesty allows them to decide something, ministers who see their ability to shift affairs will turn toward them. Once this begins, they will establish internal protection for themselves, privately recruit associates through such talk, and make them supports within. Judgments of good and bad, blame and praise will then arise from interested sources; merit, fault, reward, and punishment will change. Those advancing by a straight path may be blocked, while those attaching themselves crookedly to attendants gain access. Influence enters through a small opening and emerges in visible results. Those whom the ruler familiarly trusts cease to be suspected or examined. “Your sage wisdom should hear this early. Attend to what happens outside, and the outlines will appear. Court officials may fear that unwelcome words will bring the attendants' resentment and therefore fail to report it. I privately know that Your Majesty concentrates in silent reflection, listens impartially, and observes widely. If affairs do not fully accord with principle or things are not completely effective in use, you will change the tune and adjust the pitch, competing in achievement with the Yellow Emperor and Yao of Tang in remote antiquity, and more recently displaying the example of Emperors Wu (Cao Cao) and Wen (Cao Pi). How could this depend only on familiar attendants? Yet a ruler cannot personally understand every affair in the realm through his own intelligence; responsibilities must be delegated. Entrusting three offices to one minister, unless he possesses the Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan)'s loyalty and Guan Yiwu (Guan Zhong)'s impartiality, creates the danger of manipulating the machinery and damaging the offices. Though men fit to be pillars of state are few today, there are men whose conduct earns a province's esteem and whose wisdom suffices for one office, loyal and trustworthy enough to give their lives and fulfill their duties. Employ them together, so that this enlightened court does not acquire a reputation for officials monopolizing power.”

An edict said: “A ruler depends upon ministers of unbending integrity. Jiang Ji combines civil and military talent, labors diligently, and gives his full loyalty. Whenever great military or state matters arise, he presents proposals with vigorous sincerity. I greatly admire him.” He was promoted in his current post to General Who Protects the Army and additionally Regular Attendant Cavalier.

During Jingchu, campaigns demanded effort outside while palace construction occupied the center. Many men and women lacked spouses, and harvests were poor. Jiang Ji memorialized:

“Your Majesty must now enlarge the former achievement and gloriously complete the inherited undertaking. You cannot yet govern at ease with a high pillow. Though we possess twelve provinces, their population amounts to no more than one great Han commandery. The two enemies remain unpunished. Troops stay on the frontiers, farming and fighting, while men and women remain separated and unmarried for years. Ancestral temples, palaces, and a hundred projects are newly begun. Few cultivate grain and silk; many consume clothing and food. The urgent task is to rest the people worn by expenditure and prevent extreme exhaustion. If exhausted people encounter flood or drought, even a million will be unavailable for state service. Whenever employing the people, use the intervals between agricultural tasks and do not take away their seasons. “A ruler wishing to undertake great achievements first measures his people's strength and gives them warmth and rest. Goujian protected pregnancies to prepare people for future use; King Zhao of Yan (Ji Zhi) <Illustrious King; a posthumous royal title> cared for the sick to avenge humiliation. Thus weak Yan subdued strong Qi and exhausted Yue destroyed powerful Wu. The two present enemies cannot be destroyed without attack, yet if left alone they invade. Failure to remove them in our own lifetime is a responsibility lasting a hundred generations. With Your Majesty's sage clarity and inspired martial strategy, set aside less urgent matters and concentrate on suppressing the enemies. I believe there will be no difficulty. Moreover, indulgence in entertainment harms mental vigor. Excessive use exhausts the spirit; excessive toil wears out the body. I hope you will carefully select worthy and accomplished women sufficient for the blessing of ‘a hundred sons.’ Release the redundant women not yet admitted to intimacy, attending above all to purity and tranquility.”

An edict answered: “Without the Protector of the Army, I would not have heard these words.”

When the Prince of Qi (Cao Fang) <the territorial title used for this Wei emperor> ascended the throne, Jiang Ji transferred to Commandant of the Army and advanced to Marquis of Changling Village.

Jiang Ji was promoted to Grand Commandant.

Earlier, Palace Attendant Gaotang Long discussed suburban sacrifices. Regarding Wei as descended from Shun, he proposed associating Shun with Heaven in worship. Jiang Ji argued that Shun's original surname was Gui and his descendants were called Tian, not ancestors of the Cao clan. He wrote a critique questioning Gaotang Long.

Cao Shuang then monopolized government, and Ding Mi, Deng Yang, and others casually changed the laws and institutions. A solar eclipse occurred, and an edict asked ministers to discuss successes and failures. Jiang Ji memorialized:

“When great Shun assisted government, he warned against partisan association. The Duke of Zhou (Ji Dan), as regent, was cautious about factions. When the Marquis of Qi (personal name not established in this passage) asked about a calamity, Yan Ying advised distributing kindness; when the ruler of Lu (personal name not established in this passage) asked about an anomaly, Zangsun advised easing labor service. Responding to Heaven and averting portents truly lie in human affairs. Now the two enemies remain unconquered. Officers and soldiers have endured exposure for decades, men and women lack spouses, and the people suffer poverty. Only a great talent appearing once in an age can establish the framework of a state's institutions for posterity. How could middling or lesser officials properly alter them? This will never benefit government and will only injure the people. I hope civil and military officials will each keep to their duties and lead through purity and fairness. Harmonious influences and auspicious signs may then be brought about.”

For accompanying Grand Tutor Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) to the floating bridge over the Luo River and taking part in the destruction of Cao Shuang and his associates, Jiang Ji was advanced to Marquis of Duxiang, with seven hundred households. He memorialized: “I unworthily received favor in the highest office, yet Cao Shuang dared harbor disastrous intentions. This shows my unfitness. The Grand Tutor displayed his independent decision, and Your Majesty recognized his loyalty. The guilty have been executed, a blessing for the state. Yet enfeoffment and celebratory rewards must go to achievement. In planning, I knew nothing beforehand; in fighting, I commanded no troops. Above, I failed to maintain control; below, I accept the consequences. Occupying a chief minister's place, I am watched by the people. I sincerely fear that improper acceptance of rewards will begin here and the custom of modest refusal end here.” He firmly declined, but permission was refused.

He died that year and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing (Jiang Ji) <‘Illustrious,’ a posthumous designation>.

His son Jiang Xiu succeeded him. When Jiang Xiu died, his son Jiang Kai succeeded. During Xianxi, the five noble ranks were established, and Jiang Ji's distinguished service to the preceding court led to Jiang Kai's transfer as Viscount of Xiacai.

Liu Fang, courtesy name Ziqi, was from Zhuo Commandery, descended from Liu Hong, Marquis of Xixiang, a son of Prince Shun of Guangyang (personal name not established here) <‘Compliant,’ a posthumous princely designation> of Han. He held responsible commandery posts and was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt. Amid the realm's great disorder, Wang Song of Yuyang held local territory, and Liu Fang went to join him. After Taizu (Cao Cao) conquered Ji Province, Liu Fang advised Wang Song:

“When Dong Zhuo rebelled, heroes rose together, relying on troops, usurping authority, and building their own power. Only Lord Cao (Cao Cao) could rescue the realm from danger and disorder, uphold the Son of Heaven, and punish offenders under proper commands. Wherever he went he prevailed. Strong as the two Yuans were, one dissolved like ice in Huainan when defending, while the other suffered a crushing defeat at Guandu in battle. Following victory, he sweeps onward and will clear the lands north of the river. Authority and punishment have combined, and the great trend is visible. Those who arrive promptly share his blessings; those who submit late perish first. This is a time to gallop without waiting for the day to end. Formerly Qing Bu (Ying Bu) abandoned the dignity of facing south as ruler and returned to Han with sword in hand. He truly understood the principles of decline and rise and judged where to withdraw or serve. You should devote yourself to him and establish the deepest bond.”

Wang Song agreed. When Taizu (Cao Cao) attacked Yuan Tan at Nanpi, he sent a letter inviting Wang Song, who submitted Yongnu, Quanzhou, and Anci. Liu Fang composed Wang Song's reply in elegant language. Taizu (Cao Cao) admired it and, hearing of Liu Fang's advice, recruited him. In the tenth year of Jian'an, Liu Fang arrived with Wang Song. Delighted, Taizu (Cao Cao) told him: “Formerly Ban Biao joined Dou Rong and contributed to the achievement in Hexi. How closely this resembles it!” He appointed Liu Fang adviser on the Minister of Works' military affairs. Liu Fang successively held duties as Registrar and Records Secretary, then left the central staff as magistrate of Heyang, Duiyu—

—and Zan.

When Wei was established, Liu Fang and Sun Zi of Taiyuan both became Gentlemen of the Secretariat. Sun Zi had earlier also served as a county magistrate and adviser on the Chancellor's military affairs.

When Emperor Wen (Cao Pi) took power, Liu Fang and Sun Zi transferred to Assistants of the Left and Right. Several months later Liu Fang became Prefect. Early in Huangchu, the Secretariat was renamed Palace Secretariat. Liu Fang became its Director and Sun Zi its Prefect, each additionally Attendant within the Palace. Liu Fang received the rank of Marquis within the Passes and Sun Zi that of Guanzhong Marquis. They consequently controlled confidential affairs. In the third year, Liu Fang advanced to Marquis of Weishou Village and Sun Zi to Marquis within the Passes. After Emperor Ming (Cao Rui)'s accession, both received particular favor and responsibility and additionally became Regular Attendants Cavalier. Liu Fang advanced to Marquis of Xi District, Sun Zi to Marquis of Leyang Village.

“When Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) campaigned against Nanzheng and took Zhang Lu, the battle at Yangping succeeded only after danger. He also went personally to bring Xiahou Yuan's army out and repeatedly said: ‘Nanzheng is truly a heavenly prison; the Xie Valley route within is simply a five-hundred-li stone tunnel.’ This described its depth and danger and his pleasure at extracting Xiahou Yuan's army. Moreover, Emperor Wu (Cao Cao) was a sage in warfare. Seeing the Shu enemy lodged among mountain cliffs and the Wu enemy hiding among rivers and lakes, he yielded and avoided them. He did not demand impossible exertion from officers and soldiers or contend over a moment's anger. This truly meant fighting when victory could be seen and withdrawing when difficulty was understood. “If we now advance to Nanzheng against Zhuge Liang, the road is difficult. Counting elite troops, transport, and the garrisons in the four southern provinces needed to restrain the waterborne enemy, we would employ a hundred and fifty or sixty thousand men and necessarily raise further levies. The realm would be disturbed and expenditure of effort immense. Your Majesty should consider this deeply. The labor required for defense and battle differs severalfold. With the troops presently available, assign great generals to hold the key strongholds. Their authority can intimidate powerful enemies and keep the borders quiet. Officers and soldiers may sleep like tigers, and the people remain untroubled. Within several years the central state will grow stronger daily, while Wu and Shu must wear themselves out.”

Late in Taihe, Wu sent General Zhou He by sea to Liaodong to entice Gongsun Yuan. The emperor wished to intercept him, but most court opinions opposed it. Sun Zi alone decisively supported the plan. The enemy was indeed heavily defeated, and Sun Zi advanced to Marquis of Zuo District.

Liu Fang excelled in letters and proclamations. Most edicts of the Three Ancestors (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Rui) intended to invite or persuade were his work. Early in Qinglong, Sun Quan allied with Zhuge Liang to invade together. Frontier scouts obtained a letter from Sun Quan. Liu Fang altered its language, repeatedly replacing and joining passages so that it appeared to be addressed to General Who Campaigns in the East Man Chong and expressed an intention to submit. He sealed it and showed it to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang forwarded it to Wu's senior general Bu Zhi and others, who showed it to Sun Quan. Afraid of Zhuge Liang's suspicions, Sun Quan offered extensive explanations. That year Liu Fang and Sun Zi both additionally became Palace Attendants and Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness.

In the second year of Jingchu, Liaodong was pacified. For their contributions to planning, both men advanced in rank and received their home counties as fiefs: Liu Fang as Marquis of Fangcheng and Sun Zi as Marquis of Zhongdu.

That year the emperor became bedridden. He wished to appoint the Prince of Yan (Cao Yu) <a territorial princely title> General-in-Chief and have him assist government together with Commandant of the Army Xiahou Xian, General of the Martial Guard Cao Shuang, Colonel of Garrison Cavalry Cao Zhao, and General of Valiant Cavalry Qin Lang. Respectful and good-natured, Cao Yu sincerely and firmly declined. The emperor summoned Liu Fang and Sun Zi into his bedchamber and asked: “Is the Prince of Yan (Cao Yu) truly acting this way?” They answered: “He genuinely knows that he cannot bear such great responsibility.” The emperor asked: “Can Cao Shuang replace Cao Yu?” They supported the choice and strongly urged immediately summoning Grand Commandant Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) to uphold the imperial house. The emperor accepted and handed Liu Fang yellow paper to draft the edict. After the two left, however, he changed his mind and ordered Sima Xuanwang (Sima Yi) not to come. Soon he saw them again and said: “I summoned the Grand Commandant myself, but Cao Zhao and the others made me stop him. They nearly ruined my arrangements!” He ordered another edict. The emperor then summoned Cao Shuang alone to receive the command with Liu Fang and Sun Zi, dismissing Cao Yu, Xiahou Xian, Cao Zhao, and Qin Lang. The Grand Commandant arrived and mounted the bedside platform to receive the edict. Only then did the emperor die.

When the Prince of Qi (Cao Fang) ascended the throne, Liu Fang and Sun Zi received three hundred additional households for deciding the great plan: Liu Fang's total became eleven hundred, Sun Zi's a thousand. A favored son of each became a village marquis, the next son Commandant of Cavalry, and the remaining sons Palace Gentlemen. In the first year of Zhengshi, Liu Fang additionally became Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Left and Sun Zi of the Right, with gold seals, purple ribbons, and ceremonial standing equal to the Three Excellencies. In the sixth year, Liu Fang transferred to General of Agile Cavalry and Sun Zi to General of the Guards, retaining their directorship and prefecture. In the seventh year another son of each was enfeoffed as a village marquis. Both retired because of age, attending court as ranked marquises on the first and fifteenth of each month with the distinction of Holder of Special Rank.

After Cao Shuang's execution, Sun Zi was again made Palace Attendant and concurrent Prefect of the Palace Secretariat. In the second year of Jiaping, Liu Fang died and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing (Liu Fang) <‘Reverent,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Liu Zheng succeeded him.

Sun Zi again resigned and returned home. He was appointed General of Agile Cavalry at his residence, then transferred to Palace Attendant, retaining Holder of Special Rank. He died in the third year of Jiaping and received the posthumous title Marquis Zhen (Sun Zi) <‘Steadfast,’ a posthumous designation>. His son Sun Hong succeeded him.

Liu Fang's talent and planning surpassed Sun Zi's, but his self-cultivation did not equal it. Both were skilled at accommodating the sovereign and never openly pronounced on successes and failures. They suppressed Xin Pi and supported Wang Si, earning contemporary criticism. Yet at times they upheld ministers' remonstrances and supported their principles, and sometimes privately proposed improvements and reductions. They did not exclusively guide the ruler with flattery. During Xianxi, when the five noble ranks were established, their distinguished service to the preceding court led to Liu Zheng's transfer as Viscount of Fangcheng and Sun Hong's as Viscount of Lishi.

Appraisal: Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao, Liu Ye, and Jiang Ji possessed talent, strategy, and planning that made them extraordinary men of their age. Though their achievements in pure government and virtue differed from Xun You's, in calculations and assessment they belonged to his class. Liu Fang's literary skill and Sun Zi's diligence and caution placed both at the state's throat and tongue, with authority renowned in their time. Refined candor was not their essential character; thus accusations of flattery often went beyond the facts.